中国自然资源使用权制度比较研究  

Comparison of User's Rights over Natural Resources in China

作　　者：刘新山[1] 李远航[1] 戴文达[1] 

机构地区：[1]大连水产学院海洋渔业系,大连116023

出　　处：《资源科学》2004年第4期11-16,共6页Resources Science

基　　金：农业部资助项目"渔业权立法项目研究"(编号:20012004)。

摘　　要：80年代中后期,通过颁行自然资源行政法而创设的一系列自然资源使用权,为中国经济的繁荣发挥了重要作用。但是,随着市场经济体制的逐步建立,由自然资源行政法所设立的这些使用权的不完善性日渐明显。该文介绍了物权的经济学和法学概念以及物权理论的经济学分析工具,阐述了推进物权制度建设经济学意义,对比分析了现行自然资源使用权制度的主要问题:农民民生权利与国家所有权的私益性之间的矛盾、普通法与特别法之间的失调、水权和野生动物驯养繁殖权概念的严重残缺、权利登记的公信力等。作者认为,制定物权法和修订自然资源法应当遵从物权法定的基本学理,权利的基本属性应当由全国人大或者其常务委员会立法明确,各级地方立法机关、国务院各部委以及各级地方政府不应当对权利的基本属性做出规定,并且考虑到现阶段农村与城市之间的巨大差距依然存在,国家所有权的私益性应当让位于农民的民生权利,停止以国家所有权为理论依据向农用地使用者收取使用费或使用金。A wide range of user's rights over natural resources created by adopting administrative laws of natural resources in mid-1980s have been playing a key role in thriving China economy. However, with the gradual establishment of market economy system, some serious flaws in such property rights have become very evident. These flaws not only harm the healthy market economy but also jeopardize the accomplishment of social injustice. The paper presents the concept of property economically and legally and analytical tool of property rights, and explores the economic significance to perfect such property rights over natural resources. And some problems with these existing rights over natural resources are pinpointed: the mutual inclusion of various natural resources and uncertainty of legal classification of resources, the legal ways of entitling farmers to natural resources, the tense relationship between farmers' living rights and private interest of State's ownership and goals of environmental protection, the disharmony of general laws and specific laws, the poor definition of a range of property rights over the natural resources, and the ineffective public creditability of property registration. It is concluded that when property law is constituted and the administrative laws of natural resources are amended, the principle of Numerus Clausus should be followed seriously, all the main characteristics of property rights should be defined only by the laws adopted by National People's Congress or its Standing Committee, not by the regulations made by various-level local legislatives and local government or any Ministry of State Council. In addition State's ownership may yield to farmers' rights and various level government agencies should be prohibited, on behalf of our State and by way of their public power, to charge on those farmers, graziers and fishers for their using so-called State-owned land, pasture, wilderness, foreshore, sea, etc. whereas a big gap between the rural area and the urban area has still existed and

关 键 词：自然资源使用权 物权 国家所有权 自然资源法 

分 类 号：D922.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]