金属加工作业的工效学负荷与肌肉骨骼疾患的关系  

Study on lifting-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in metal processing

作　　者：肖国兵[1] 雷玲[1] Patrick Dempsey 马藻骅[3] 梁友信[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学公共卫生学院美国利宝互助职业安全卫生研究中心,上海200031 [2]Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety [3]宁波市疾病预防控制中心

出　　处：《中华劳动卫生职业病杂志》2004年第2期81-85,共5页Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases

基　　金：美国利宝安全卫生研究所的资助

摘　　要：目的　了解金属加工行业的肌肉骨骼疾患情况 ,分析其危险因素 ,初步探讨提举系数(LI)在中国应用的有效性和实用性。方法　选择 6 9名从事手工操作的金属加工工人作为提举作业组 (JobA) ,另选同一企业机械化程度较高的 5 1名工人作为对照组 (JobB)。采用问卷调查、Ovako劳动姿势分析系统 (OvakoWorkingPostureAnalysingSystem ,OWAS)、提举参数测量及日提举负荷量计算等方法分析负荷与下背痛的关系。结果　JobA组的下背痛患病率明显高于JobB组 ,在过去 12个月内 ,下背痛持续 2 4h以上的分别为 6 3.77%、37.2 5 % ,持续 1周以上的分别为 2 6 .0 9%、5 .88% ;JobA组的背部姿势异常率 (6 6 % )高于JobB组 (6 3% ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。JobA的提举指数为 2 .4 ,高于 1.0的限值 (JobB为 0 <LI <1) ;经Logistic回归分析 ,提举次数和工龄为下背痛的危险因素 ,日负荷量与下背痛 (过去 12个月 )、提举所致下背痛 (持续 1周以上 )呈正相关 (相关系数Person’sR分别为 0 .2 4 2 ,0 .35 9,P <0 .0 1)。结论　下背痛的发生不仅与提举负荷有关 ,也与不良姿势有关。OWAS姿势分析和NIOSH提举公式用于评估手工操作相关的下背痛危险度时有重要价值。评价体系还有待进一步发展与优化.Objective To investigate lifting-related musculoskeletal disorders in metal processing,to analyze the risk factors,and to study the validity and feasibility of using NIOSH lifting equation in China. Methods The questionnaires of semi-structured interview,the Ovako Working Posture Analysing System(OWAS) postural analysis and variables of the NIOSH equation were applied to the study.The study population consisted of 69 workers mainly involved in manual materials handling(MMH),categorized as Job A;and 51 machinery workers,served as controls,that were less MMH task involved,as Job B. Results The prevalence of low back pain(LBP),which was defined at least one episode lasting for more than 24 hours in the past 12 months,were 63.8% and 37.3% for Job A and Job B,respectively.However,the prevalence of LBP lasting for more than a week due to lifting were 26.09% and 5.88% for Job A and B,respectively.The proportion of awkward back postures were found higher in Job A than that of Job B(66% vs 63%,P<0.05).The NIOSH Lifting Index(LI) was estimated to be 2.4 for Job A,and 0<LI<1 for Job B.The analysis of multiple regressions revealed that the repetitiveness of lifting and length of service had greatly attributed to the occurrence of LBP.The “composite load”(object weight×activity repetitiveness) had a significant adverse effect on lower back meaning that the objective weight remains an ingredient part of the risk. Conclusion The occurrence of LBP is not only related to the force load,but the repetitiveness of lifting and awkward postures.The method of OWAS observation and US-NIOSH equation are important tools in assessing characteristics and risk factors of LBP for MMH tasks.Further study aimed at developing an integral scheme for the assessment system is needed.

关 键 词：金属加工作业 工效学负荷 肌肉骨骼疾病 背损伤 

分 类 号：R135[医药卫生—劳动卫生]