人体头颈部对高速气流吹袭耐受限度的研究  

Human Head-neck Tolerance to Windblast

作　　者：张云然[1] 吴桂荣[1] 王玉清[1] 由广兴[1] 王以进[2] 

机构地区：[1]航天医学工程研究所,北京100094 [2]上海科技大学,上海201800

出　　处：《航天医学与医学工程》1993年第2期79-87,共9页Space Medicine & Medical Engineering

摘　　要：在高速弹射时,对乘员的最大威胁依然是座椅的不稳定和气流吹袭。本项研究的目的是为人体头颈部对高速气流吹袭的耐限提供医学依据。首先进行了风洞实验,获得了人头颈部的气动数据,实验结果表明,头颈部的气动侧力比气动阻力和升力小得多。根据实验结果,计算了作用在乘员头颈部的气动力随时间变化的曲线。使用动态加载机模拟弹射时气动力随时间的变化历程,对猴头部进行了冲击实验。根据动物头部的冲击实验,通过大体解剖、生理、生化、病理和神经学等多项医学指标的判断,找出了动物脑震荡的判别方法,尤其是采用了特异性很强的生化指标—肌酸激酶脑型同功酶(CK—BB),使得脑损伤的判别,比国内外主要靠大体解剖的方法准确可靠。根据动态加载机对猴头部的冲击实验结果,获得了冲击载荷与损伤的关系,并分成了5种损伤等级。研究了8具新鲜人尸和34只健康猴头颈部组织的生物力学特性之间的关系,证明以猴代人进行头颈部的创伤实验是可行的,为从动物实验过渡到人提供了有力的依据。根据猴的实验结果计算出了在不同高度、不同弹射速度下人体头颈部对高速气流吹袭的损伤等级曲线,并把这一结果和国内外飞机失事调查结果以及有关人体生物力学耐限的研究结果进行对比研究,证明本项研究结果是可靠的。其中的中度伤(轻度脑震荡)符合航空救生的医学要求,可保障乘员安全,建议作为人体头颈部(戴保护盔)对高速气流吹袭的生理耐限。为使用方便,可将当量表速1000km/h 作为其耐限速度。此项研究为制定人体头颈部对高速气流吹袭的耐限提供了比较可的医学依据。Up to now,a major threat against aircrewman life is still due to wind-blast and ejection seat instability during high-speed ejection.The purpose of this paper isto obtain the human head-neck region tolerance to windblast.Wind tunnel tests of humanhead and neck region of a 1/10 scale model crewman and ejection seat at transonic-super-sonic speed were conducted to determine aerodynamic force exerted on head and neck re-gion by windblast.Change of aerodynamic force v.s.time during ejection sequence wascalculated and diagramed.Simulation tests were made in monkey's head-neck region witha dynamic load simulator according to the data obtained from wind tunnel tests.Monkeytolerance to simulated aerodynamic effect was obtained by vivisection、physiological-bio-chemical and biodynamic measures.After that,the data were compared with the resultsof investigations and studies on aviation accident and human biodynamie tolerance.It issuggested that human head-neck tolerance to windblast could be set at 1000 km/h.

关 键 词：气流吹袭伤 弹射损伤 头颈 

分 类 号：R852.21[医药卫生—航空、航天与航海医学]