西北地区水资源可持续管理与防治土地退化的区域政策——以石洋河流域为例  

Regional Policies for Sustainable Management of Water Resources to Combat Land Degradation in North-West China: the Case of Shiyang River Basin

作　　者：杜群[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学资源学院北京师范大学环境演变与自然灾害教育部重点实验室,北京100875

出　　处：《资源科学》2004年第6期77-82,共6页Resources Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目"生态保护及其补偿法律机制研究"(编号:03CFX013);国家重点基础研究发展规划项目"草地与农牧交错带生态系统重建机理及优化生态-生产范式"(编号:G2000018604)。

摘　　要：详细考察了石洋河流域现行的与土地退化相关的水资源管理现状:　①区域水资源利用形成了优先权,工业供水优先于农业用水、中游地区用水优先于上游和下游地区;　②农业生产极大超用地下水;　③解决水资源问题过分强调水利工程建设;④调配水资源大多依据经验和估算等。分析和评价了区域水资源政策,认为工业用水优先权虽然符合经济增长需要和资源利用效率原则但缺乏社会公平性和生态保护的合理性,土地退化进而流域生态系统服务功能退化与缺乏有效运行的补偿机制直接相关。最后提出了区域政策完善建议:　①经济增长速度要受自然承载能力制衡;　②调整农业灌溉用水比例、促进农业结构调整;　③建立统一的流域水资源管理系统;　④建立和实施流域生态系统服务的补偿机制;⑤加强科技能力建设等。A detailed survey of water resource utilization in Shiyang River Basin features the existing framework of water policies in this region as: 1) privilege of water allocation exists as industry prior to agriculture, the middle-stream prior to the upper and down streams; 2) agriculture over-takes ground water to irrigation; 3) engineering approach is over emphasized as the main solution of water shortage to the basin; and 4) water quantity allocation among water users or steam districts heavily lack of technical support. Then analysis and assessment of these water policies follow. The priorities of water allocation seem fit efficiency principle of water utilization in dry regions, as well the goal of increasing economic growth heavily driven by local governments. However it does not meet principles of equity and sustainability. Farmers have not been compensated or subsidized by losing equal right of water use in particular those farmers who are living in the down stream. Over-emphasis on water engineering such as building the large-sized dam in the upper stream has almost reformulated Shiyang River into an artificial river, causing a series of environmental loss while economic growth was still rapid. Therefore severe land desertification has happened throughout the basin. Countermeasures to prevention of further land desertification are provided as: 1)to limit economic growth in accordance with natural carrying capacity; 2) to adjust the water quantity for agriculture irrigation; 3) to establish the integrated water management system; 4) to formulate or implement the compensation mechanisms between water users and water protectors or among stream districts; and 5) to intensify capacity building of technology application to water resource allocation.

关 键 词：水资源可持续管理 土地退化 石羊河流域 区域水政策 

分 类 号：F124.5[经济管理—世界经济]