强度理论的发展和展望  

ADVANCESAND PROSPECTS FOR STRENGTH THEORY

作　　者：俞茂宏[1] M.Yoshimine 强洪夫 昝月稳[1] 肖耘[3] 李林生[3] 盛祖铭[3] 

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学建筑工程与力学学院,西安710049 [2]第二炮兵工程技术学院,西安710025 [3]中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京100076

出　　处：《工程力学》2004年第6期1-20,共20页Engineering Mechanics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金研究项目(58770402;59779028;59924033;50078046);国家教育部重要科学技术项目;博士点基金研究项目(20020698050);国家人事部博士后科学基金研究项目(2001-5;2001-14)

摘　　要：强度是各种地上、地下、水下和上天结构的共同的最基本要求。强度理论是研究材料在复杂应力下屈服和破坏规律的学科。由于各种土木、水利、机械、航空、军工等工程结构中的材料,大多处于复杂应力作用下,因此强度理论得到广泛的研究和应用。强度理论是各种工程结构强度计算和设计必需的基础理论。它们也是固体力学、材料强度学研究从弹性到塑性,从弹性到软化或硬化,从弹性到脆塑性,以及从线性到非线性的开始。对材料在复杂应力状态下强度理论(屈服准则、破坏准则等)的发展进行了总结。给出了 80 多种准则的方程式,反映出强度理论研究的“百花齐放,百家争鸣”。讨论了各种准则的分类和它们之间的关系,以及在研究和工程应用中的合理选择破坏准则问题。还总结了三大系列强度理论、统一屈服准则、统一强度理论和其他各种强度理论。 最后讨论了强度理论的发展展望,包括:真三轴试验和假三轴试验;强度理论的经济效益;各向异性材料和复合材料的破坏准则;多孔隙材料和多相材料的破坏准则;其它各种特殊材料的强度理论;安定性、多轴疲劳、蠕变、损伤、断裂和相关现象;强度理论的计算机程序实施和角点奇异性;特殊环境下的强度理论问题;强度理论的美;强度理论研究的不同层次。Strength theory deals with the yield and failure of materials under complex stress state. Strength theory includes the yield criteria and failure criteria as well as the multi-axial fatigue criteria, multi-axial creep condition and material models in computational mechanics and computer codes, etc. It is an important foundation for researches on the strength of materials and structures. Strength theory is widely used in physics, mechanics, material science and engineering including civil, mechanical, hydraulic, aeronautic and astronautic, etc. It is of great significance in theoretical research and engineering application, and is also very important for the effective utilization of materials. Particularly for design purposes, it is important that a reliable strength prediction is available for various combinations of multi-axial stresses. It is an interdisciplinary field where physicists, mechanical and civil engineers interact in a closed loop. Strength theory is a very unusual and wonderful subject. The object is very simple, but the problem is very complex. It is one of the earliest objects, but it is still remaining open. Great considerable efforts were devoted to the formulation of strength theories and to their correlation with test data, but no single model or criterion emerged which is fully adequate. Hundreds of models or criteria were proposed. And about 85 equations of failure criteria are presented. This paper presents a summary of the advances in strength theory (including yield criteria, failure criterion, etc.) of materials under complex stress. About 80 kinds of failure criteria are reviewed and the relationship among them is discussed. The criteria are categorized and guidelines on selection of reasonable and failure criteria in researches and engineering applications are offered. The prospects for strength theories in the near future is also briefly discussed. It includes true triaxial test and confining tri-axial test (conventional triaxial test or false triaxial test), economic effect of stren

关 键 词：材料强度理论和结构强度理论 复杂应力状态 屈服准则 破坏准则 强度理论 单剪强度理论 双剪强度理论 统一强度理论 

分 类 号：O346[理学—固体力学] TU318[理学—力学]