城市景观多样性的空间尺度分析——以上海市外环线以内区域为例  

Spatial scale analysis of the diversities of urban landscape:A case study within the external circle highway of Shanghai City

作　　者：岳文泽[1] 徐建华[1] 谈文琦[1] 赵晶[1] 苏方林[1] 

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学地理系

出　　处：《生态学报》2005年第1期122-128,i005,共8页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目 ( 4 0 3 710 92 )~~

摘　　要：景观生态学研究的就是某一空间尺度范围内的景观格局与生态过程。因为景观格局与生态过程中存在的尺度多样性 ,导致尺度成为理解景观格局和生态过程相互作用的关键 ,其已经成为景观生态学的一个重要概念 ,但是由于理论和方法的限制 ,对景观生态学的尺度研究还不够 ,特别是景观格局综合性指标在不同幅度上的变化特征和效应。在 GIS与 RS技术支持下 ,采用基准分辨率为 5 m的 SPOT遥感图像作为数据源 ,对不同幅度下的城市景观多样性的空间分布格局进行了分析 ,并进一步利用半变异函数对其空间异质性进行定量描述。结论揭示 :随着空间尺度的增加 ,景观多样性程度也不断增加 ,另外多样性的空间分布格局也具有显著变化 ,由于受城市发展历史和目前城市扩展方向的影响 ,多样性在总体上是不平衡的 ,尺度越大 ,不平衡越明显 ;不同尺度下景观多样性空间格局的变化 ,与城市景观的特点和城市景观的功能息息相关 ,不过其受经济效益和社会文化效益的影响更大 ;随着尺度增加由于掩盖了更小尺度上的变异 ,导致块金效应增强 ,空间自相关部分对系统总的变异则明显下降 ;景观多样性具有尺度依赖性 ,可以说景观多样性也是尺度的函数 ,在不同的尺度上 ,结果差异显著 。Landscape ecology is simply the study of relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes over a range of spatial scales. Because of the scale multiplicity in spatial pattern and ecological processes, scale holds the key to understanding the pattern-process interactions and, indeed, becomes one of the corner-stone concepts in landscape ecology. Due to the limitation of theories and methods, in-depth studies on scales in landscape ecology have been limited, especially, for the studies on variance character and effect of the synthesis index of landscape pattern at different extents. The emergence of Geographic Information System and Remote sensing technologies provide an effective tool to characterize the spatial pattern and spatial heterogeneity at different extents. As an example, these techniques are applied to analyze the urban landscape diversity on the SPOT images at three extents. Firstly, this paper creates spatial pattern maps of landscape diversity at three extents; then it models the semivariogram of landscape diversity at different extents. The results of analysis indicate: (1) With the increasing spatial scale, the landscape diversity increases and the spatial pattern of landscape varies dramatically. At the 0.5km extent, the maximum of diversity is in the center of the urban. The landscape diversity distributes with a ring mode wavily from the center to the outer. With the increasing extent, the maximum of diversity moves to an urban-rural ecotone where landscape types change dramatically. At the smaller scale, the more details are to be detected. When scale increases,the local details fade out gradually while the character of whole spatial pattern stands out. Due to the development and the directions of its extending, landscape diversity is uneven as a whole. The coarser the scale is, the more obvious imbalance it shows. (2) The changes of spatial pattern of landscape diversity at different scales are closely linked to the characters and functions of urban landscape, especially to econom

关 键 词：尺度 多样性 空间格局 半变异函数 

分 类 号：Q149[生物学—生态学]