洛阳与汴梁:文化重心与政治重心的分离——关于11世纪80年代理学历史与思想的考察  

Luoyang and Bianliang: Separation of the Center of Culture from that of Politics——On the History and Ideas of Neo-Confucianism during the 1070s and 1080s

作　　者：葛兆光[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院,100084

出　　处：《历史研究》2000年第5期24-37,共14页Historical Research

摘　　要：11世纪七八十年代 ,北宋逐渐形成一个介于国家 (皇权 )与民众(个人 )之间的士绅阶层 ,他们以思想与国家分庭抗礼 ,以文化权力抵消着政治权力 ,试图使文化重心与政治中心取得平衡。而这种文化权力为了与政治权力对抗 ,逐渐建构了一种超越一切甚至是皇权之上的“理” ,作为批评政治的理论根据。他们用重新叙述和解释过的“道统”说、“性情”说以及新的经典 ,建构一种高调的道德理想主义与温和的文化保守主义思路 ,这就是后来理学兴起的基本背景。由于在位官僚与赋闲官僚的趋向不同 ,现实策略与文化理想的思路矛盾 ,使中国出现了前所未有的“政统”与“道统”、“师”与“吏”、政治重心与文化重心的分离和对立。During the 70s and 80s of the 11th century, a stratum of gentry emerged. They countered the power of the state with their ideology, neutralizing the political power with cultural power, and attempting to achieve a balance between the center of culture and the center of politics. To counter political power, their cultural power was gradually constructed on “Li” (理) which superimposed itself over everything, even imperial power, as their criterion for political critique. They constructed a high sounding ethical idealism and moderate cultural conservatism with a newly stated and newly explained “Dao Tong” (Confucian orthodoxy) and “Xinqing” (disposition), as well as new classics. These formed the basic background to the rise of Li Xue (Neo Confucianism). The differences in the ideas of on the job bureaucrats and off the job bureaucrats, the contradictions between realistic strategy and cultural ideals led to unprecedented separation and contradiction of “Zheng Tong” (political orthodoxy) and “Dao Tong” (Confucian orthodoxy), “teachers” and “officials”, the center of politics and the center of culture.

关 键 词：文化重心 皇权 年代 洛阳 汴梁 政统 士绅阶层 政治权力 八十年 国家 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学] K242[历史地理—中国史]