从宾语标记的分布看语言类型学的功能分析  

On linguistic functional analysis from the perspective of object marker distribution

作　　者：陆丙甫 

机构地区：[1]桑塔.莫尼卡学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2001年第4期253-263,共11页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：本文以当代语言类型学对受事形式标记的跨语言分布的研究为主,介绍了当代语言类型学之功能导向的特点。如果说宾格的基本作用是表示受事,那么几乎所有的语言对宾格的使用都是不足的,即许多(非被动句中的)受事不需要宾格。同时,对宾格的过度使用也是普遍存在的,即许多不是受事的成分也带上宾格标记。调查表明,广义的宾格,即受事的形式标记,其过度和不足使用显示出一些共同的倾向,汉语在这方面毫不例外。而这种倾向只有从功能的角度才能得到统一解释。这一比较有助于我们加深对语言的功能和共性之间的关系的认识。本文在上述讨论的基础上,分析了汉语中动词后的所谓“宾语位置”和“把”字宾语之间的关系。This article discusses the function-oriented characteristics of the contemporary typology, in the light of the investigation, mainly by Comrie, of the cross-linguistic distribution of the object case. Given that the basic function of the object case is to indicate the patient role, it appears frequently under-used, i.e. many nouns that are otherwise expected to carry an object marker fail to do so. On the other hand, over-uses of the object case are also cross-linguistically common. The investigation indicates that there are some common patterns for both under-uses and over-uses of the object case. These universal patterns of the formal indicator of the patient role can only be explained from the functional perspective. The article emphatically points out that Chinese is no exception in this aspect. It is hoped that this comparison will serve to deepen our understanding of the relation between linguistic functions and universals. Based on the above discussions, the article also analyzes the relation between post-verbal object position and the ba-object in Chinese.

关 键 词：受事 宾格 语言类型学 形式标记 汉语 宾语 语位 统一解释 例外 普遍 

分 类 号：H0[语言文字—语言学]