民间文化、江湖义气与会党的关系  

Folk Culture, Code of Brotherhood, and the Secret Societies

作　　者：刘平[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史系,南京210093

出　　处：《清史研究》2002年第1期71-78,共8页The Qing History Journal

摘　　要：清代秘密会党勃兴，是与当时的社会历史环境分不开的。一个日渐扩大的游民阶层是会党生存蔓延的社会基础，在民间文化基础上形成的游民文化在会党身上得到了集中体现。民间文学、戏剧中渲染的“义”的观念广泛地流传于下层社会，人们称之为“江湖义气”，会党采取拿来主义，形成了独具特色的道德观念和“法律”观念。会党是下层社会组织，无法从上层文化中吸取营养，民间文学、民间戏剧就成为他们建立自己的帮会文化的当然来源。“义”在秘密会党中无所不在，本文主要从会党的仪式、隐语、暗号、流行数字等几个方面作些叙述。会党利用并改造了民间普遍存在的兄弟结拜、江湖义气等内容，为自己的组织、活动、反抗目标服务。Secret societies proliferated vigorously in the social and historical environment of the Qing dynasty． An increasingly expansive “floating population' was the social foundation that allowed secret societies to survive and spread． The vagrants' culture was rooted in and shaped by folk culture, which they collectively embodied． The concept of the code of brotherhood, known as “jianghu yiqi' (code of brotherhood on the rivers and lakes) played up in the folk literature and drama spread widely in the underworld． Secret society members absorbed this code and formed their own characteristic concept of morals and law． The secret societies belonged to the underworld and could not assimilate nutriment from elite culture, and folk culture was the natural elements that they used to form their own culture． This article narrates the secret societies' code of brotherhood from the following aspects: rites, enigmatic language, secret signals, and prevailin g figures． The secret societies' utilization and reconstruction of folkloric concepts of brotherhood served the goals of their organizations, activities, and rebellions．

关 键 词：民间文化江湖义气秘密会党 

分 类 号：K254.42[历史地理—历史学]