中国直立人形态特征的变异——颅骨测量数据的统计分析  

The Cranial Metric Diversity of Chinese Homo erectus

作　　者：刘武[1] 张银运[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京100044

出　　处：《人类学学报》2005年第2期121-136,共16页Acta Anthropologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(49972011)资助

摘　　要：近年,亚洲直立人化石特征的变异及其意义引起了学术界较多的关注。不断有学者提出周口店直立人无论在非测量性特征,还是在测量特征方面都具有不同于印度尼西亚及非洲直立人的表现特点,有人甚至对将周口店直立人化石特征作为直立人的典型特征的观点提出了置疑。为进一步探讨这些有争议的问题,本文采用多变量统计分析方法对33件非洲和欧亚地区直立人颅骨测量数据进行了分析。我们发现亚洲大陆的周口店和南京直立人与生活在东南亚群岛的印度尼西亚直立人具有不同的颅骨测量特征。中国标本以较窄的前额部和枕部,以及宽阔的颅骨中部为特点。而印度尼西亚标本的额部和枕部的宽度与颅骨中部的宽度相对较为接近。非洲直立人在这些颅骨测量特征的表现上与印度尼西亚直立人接近,呈现出相对宽阔的额部和枕部。中国的和县直立人在颅骨测量特征的表现上与印度尼西亚和非洲直立人接近,而与周口店和南京直立人明显不同。基于这些发现,本文就直立人头骨测量特征的稳定性、周口店直立人颅骨特征的表现特点、东亚直立人的地区变异与时代变化、头骨形态与测量特征的对应性等问题进行了讨论。For the past decade, the morphological variations of Asian Homo erectus, and their significance in the origin and evolution of Homo erectus in Asia have attracted great attentions in the paleoanthropological research around the world. Some colleagues have suggested that both the morphologican and metric cranial features of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus possess different patterns from the African and other Asian specimens assigned to Homo erectus. Some researchers even doubt the traditional opinion that the cranial features of Zhoukoudian specimens be regarded as the typical morphological pattern of the Homo erectus around the world. To further explore this problem, multivariate analyses were used to the cranial metric data of 33 Homo erectus specimens found in Africa and Eurasia. Our results indicate that the mainland Asian Homo erectus of Zhoukoudian and Nanjing exhibits unique cranial metric pattern not shared by African and Indonesian Homo erectus. Zhoukoudian and Nanjing specimens are characterized by a wide midvault and relatively narrow frontal and occipital bones, while the crania of Indonesian and African Homo erectus have relatively broad frontal and occipital dimensions compared to their midvaults. Our analysis also reveals that the Homo erectus cranium found in Hexian of China resembles Indonesian and African specimens in metric pattern, and obviously differs from thossed of Zhoukoudian and Nanjing. Based on these findings, a series of problems including the evolution of Homo erectus cranial metric features, the characteristics of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus crania, and the temporal and regional variations of Asian Homo erectus are discussed.

关 键 词：测量数据 变异 形态特征 中国 印度尼西亚 南京直立人 统计分析方法 颅骨测量 化石特征 周口店 典型特征 欧亚地区 亚洲大陆 颅骨特征 头骨形态 非洲 学术界 性特征 特点 多变量 东南亚 接近 稳定性 对应性 标本 中部 宽度 

分 类 号：Q981.4[天文地球—古生物学与地层学] P207[生物学—人类学]