农业生态系统生产力的概念及其度量方法  

The Concept of Agricultural Productivity on Ecosystem Scale and Its Measurement

作　　者：朱万斌 邱化蛟 常欣[2] 程序[2] 

机构地区：[1]世界持续农业协会中国中心,北京100094 [2]中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院,北京100094

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2005年第5期983-989,共7页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家"973"项目(G2000018606)资助

摘　　要：生产力是农业生态系统的核心问题之一,其概念与计量方法对人类认识农业生产具有决定性的意义。目前农业生产力概念的界定及其度量方法已经与飞速发展的农业生产严重脱节,导致对农业生产的功能与价值普遍认识不全面,造成许多有致命弱点的农业生产方式因短期经济效益掩盖了严重的生态环境问题而迅速扩张,和许多生态效益良好但是直接经济效益不显著的农业生产方式难以为继。本研究在厘清近一百年间农业生产属性和特征变化的基础上,界定了生态系统尺度上的农业生态系统生产力概念,并引入能值和最大潜能两种分析法,给出了农业生态系统的总成本、生产力、耦合度等的计量公式,把农业生产占用的自然资本与人工投入,生产的目标产品与生产过程造成的环境影响纳入到同一个框架下进行统一的计算。What is the connotation and the extension of the productivity concept and how to calculate it are the core problems in evaluating an agricultural production process. The attributes of agricultural production processes have changed greatly in the last 100 years, and the methods to describe and measure the productivity failed to keep up with, resulting in a totally vague, incomplete valuation of the production processes. Sometimes the serious pollution is missed behind shortdated money making, bringing along a blooming and flooding polluting; sometimes the great ecological benefits are ignored and the corresponding production processes are died from “economic deficit”. With the old agricultural productivity indices, it can’t be told what an agroecosytem is ultimately producing to mankind, pollution or welfare. A new concept, Agricultural Productivity on Ecosystem Scale(APES) and the related indices are defined here to solve these problems. Emergy and exergy are introduced to help the measurement of the indices. Emergy is the memory of energy, can be used to measure the total cost, including natural capital and social capital. APES of the agroecosystem is the aggregated contributions of all components to mankind and its habitat in uniformed dimensions, may be expressed in material, energy, information, organization or pollution, damage etc., positive or negative, are calculated based on exergy methods. And a related index Agroecological Coupling Degree(ACD)shows sustainability.

关 键 词：农业生态系统 生产力 概念 度量方法 能值 最大潜能 

分 类 号：S181[农业科学—农业基础科学] F062.2[经济管理—政治经济学]