洞庭湖流域麋鹿等哺乳动物濒危灭绝原因的分析及其对麋鹿重引入的启示  

Causes of endangerment or extinction of some mammals and its rele- vance to the reintroduction of Père David’s deer in the Dongting Lake drainage area

作　　者：杨道德[1,2,3] 蒋志刚[1] 马建章[4] 胡慧建[5] 李鹏飞 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院动物研究所 [2]中南林学院野生动植物保护研究所,长沙410004 [3]东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,哈尔滨150040 [4]东北林业大学野生动物资源学院 [5]华南濒危动物研究所 [6]湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区管理处

出　　处：《生物多样性》2005年第5期451-461,共11页Biodiversity Science

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(G2000046805);国家自然科学基金重点项目(30230080);湖南省自然科学基金项目(04JJ3057)

摘　　要：洞庭湖流域曾有亚洲象(Elephasmaximus)、犀(Rhinocerossp.)、麋鹿(Elaphurusdavidianus)、川金丝猴(Rhinopithecusroxellana)、长臂猿(Hylobatessp.)、大熊猫(Ailuropodamelanoleuca)、梅花鹿(Cervusnippon)、棕熊(Ursusarctos)等哺乳动物分布,但受古气候、古地理以及人类活动的影响,这些哺乳动物已在洞庭湖流域灭绝。这些哺乳动物的濒危和灭绝既受自然环境变化和灾变的影响,也与物种本身生物学特性和人类活动有关,尤其与人类捕杀和生境丧失有关。据古籍记载分析:在洞庭湖流域,亚洲象和犀于北宋末期灭绝或已南迁,而野生麋鹿、大熊猫、川金丝猴、长臂猿、梅花鹿和棕熊等于19世纪末灭绝。根据我们对30个自然保护区或森林公园野生动物资源实地调查的结果,在洞庭湖流域已记录到21种国家重点保护哺乳动物,其中有5、6、10种哺乳动物分别处于“极危”、“濒危”、“易危”等级,这表明物种濒危的过程仍在继续。导致这些现生哺乳动物濒危的主要原因是生境丧失、人类猎捕、环境污染等,而人类活动干扰对现生濒危物种存活的影响越来越大。洞庭湖流域重引入麋鹿需采取人类协助生存策略:提供足够的且受洪水影响小的适宜生境、保证稳定的奠基者种群数量、减少人为干扰、调控种群密度、实施社区共管和生计替代项目、加强疾病防治、完善保护措施、加大保护基金投入、加强生境监测和湿地恢复等。Large mammals such as Asiatic elephant （Elephas maximus）, rhino （Rhinoceros sp.）, golden monkey （Rhinopithecus roxellana）, gibbon （Hylobates sp.）, giant panda （Ailuropoda melanoleuca）, Père David＇s deer （Elaphurus davidianus）, sika deer（Cervus nippon）, and brown bear （Ursus arctos） once lived in the Dongting Lake drainage area of the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. However, due to climate change, geomorphological change and human disturbance, these large mammals were extirpated from the area. After humans settled in the Dongting Lake drainage area, human activity was the major cause of the extinction of local mammalian fauna, especially human hunting, habitat loss to human settlements and land reclamation. Rhino and Asiatic elephant were extirpated or emigrated from the area during the late period of the Northern Song Dynasty while Père David＇s deer, golden monkey, gibbon, giant panda, sika deer and brown bear became extinct in the Dongting Lake Drainage Area in the late 19^th century. According to our investigations during past years, such a process of species extinction is still escalating. We recorded 21 national key protected mammals in the 30 nature reserves or forest parks in the Dongting Lake drainage area. Among those species, five species are critically endangered, six species are endangered and ten species are vulnerable. Primary causes that threaten the survival of mammals are habitat loss, environmental pollution, hunting, and competition for food or habitat among wild animals. Impacts of human activities on survival of presently endangered mammalian species are much greater than ever before. These threats should be considered when reintroducing Père David＇s deer to the Dongting Lake region. A suitable habitat with enough foods and space and no human disturbance, a healthy founder population under close monitoring, and active conservation measures based on community co-management will be prerequisites for successful re-establishment of the extinct Père

关 键 词：保护对策 ELEPHAS maximus Rhinoceros sp. Ailuropoda melanoleuca Rhinopithecus roxellana Hylobates sp. Elaphurus davidianus 人类活动影响 洞庭湖流域 哺乳动物 

分 类 号：Q958.1[生物学—动物学]