郑和船队下西洋航线及其相关的季风航海问题  

Tropical Monsoon and Chang Ho's Voyages to the West of Indian Ocean

作　　者：邓辉[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学,北京100871

出　　处：《中国航海》2005年第3期1-7,共7页Navigation of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(40371109)

摘　　要：郑和船队的海上航行活动,与低纬度地区的季风变化有着密切联系,具体表现为:1)郑和船队下西洋的出发港选择在福建长乐,这里属于亚热带季风的稳定影响地区;2)郑和下西洋船队,往返时间一般为一年半,这个特点主要是由船队选择的特定航线和航行中需要利用的不同季风的转向时间决定的;3)郑和船队航程中的候风点有“斯鲁马益”、“苏门答剌”;4)分地点有“苏门答剌”、“古里”;5)主船队与各分支船队的合地点在“满剌加”。郑和船队在选择航线,确定候风点、分点、合点时,充分考虑了低纬度地区季风的变化特点,反映出当时中国海员深谙低纬度季风变化规律,充分利用其特点进行远洋航海的高超水平。Chang Ho＇ s voyages to the west of India Ocean had close relationship with Asian tropical and subtropical monsoon. The seventh voyage of Chang Ho＇s fleet, started in 1432 and ended in 1433, was recorded in Qian Wen Ji, the book compiled by Yuan-yi Mao in the Ming Dynasty. Based on this record, Chang Ho＇s voyage was reconstructed and analyzed. The research shows that the real starting point of Chang Ho＇s voyages was Chang Le port in Fu-kien province. In this area, steady subtropical northeast monsoon was prevailing in winter and early spring, the fleet could fully take advantage of it for its marine mission. Whether Chang Ho＇s voyages went to Calicut or Ormuz, it would take one and half year to complete the journey. This travel schedule was mainly determined by Asian monsoon. Because the limitation of monsoon, the fleet had to stayed at several special places for a quite long time to wait for wind changes. For the same reason, the fleet had to send branches at several points for sailing to countries in different direction. Surabaya was the first wind waiting spot, where the fleet stayed waiting for tropical southeast monsoon. Atcheh was the second wind waiting spot, where the fleet waited for northeast monsoon coming again. Atcheh was also the first divergent spot, at this place the branch fleet were sent to Bengle in the north. Calicut was the second divergent spot, from there the branches were sent to Aden, Djofar in Arabian Peninsula and Mogedoxu , Malinde in East Africa, were the places where the main fleet kept sailing for Ormuz in the northwest meanwhile. The convergent place was considerably set up at Malacca, where the main fleet and the branches met again and sailed back China with the southwest monsoon.

关 键 词：水路运输 郑和下西洋 航海季风 候风点 分(舟宗)点 合(舟宗)点 

分 类 号：K2[历史地理—历史学]