新疆绿洲农业中新节水栽培方法的探讨  

Studies on the New Cultivation Methods to Saving Water in Oasis Farming in Xinjiang,China

作　　者：小圣 杨戈[1] 古丽努尔 鲛岛良次 

机构地区：[1]日本东北国家农业试验站,中国科学院新疆生物上壤沙漠研究所,日本国际农业科学研究中心

出　　处：《干旱区研究》1996年第1期24-31,共8页Arid Zone Research

摘　　要：尽管新疆水资源是有限的，每年仍有大量的水用于作物的生产。为了节约用水，我们于１９９５年在中国科学院阜康荒漠生态系统观测试验站进行了研究试验，并得到如下结果：（１）漫灌造成的土壤板结，妨碍油白菜种子的萌发，节水减少了板结造成的伤害。（２）漫灌造成的伤害影响了油白菜种子的萌发及苗的生长，同样由于土壤水的缺少，平床播种不灌水也是失败的。而沟底播种和经过脚踏镇压播种，结果是成功的。在这两种处理中，种子周围的土壤含有较多的水分，另外，沟底土壤较床面土壤易散高温。（３）５天叶的喷雾有助于具有可湿性叶红薯移栽苗的生长，但不促进甘兰移栽苗的生长，其叶具有较强的抗水性；对蕃茄叶连续喷雾４天，降低了叶片的水压，喷雾结束后的一天依然如此，特别是在晚上。（４）大量速效肥的应用有碍于油白菜种子的萌发及苗的生长，但长效肥效果相反。（５）以不同材料（ｃｈｅｅｓｅｃｌｏｔｈ，Ｐｏｌｙｖｉｎｙｌａｌｃｏｈｏｌ）条状覆盖，有助于油白菜苗的生长。试验结果表明，在新疆绿洲农业中，较大地提高水的有效使用率是完全可能的。In the oasis farming in Xinjiang,a large amount of water have been used for the crop productions in spite of water resources limited. To save using water,we conducted somed experiments in Fukang Desert Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station of Xinjiang,Chinese Academy of Sciences in summer in 1995. The obtained results are as follows:1. The crusted soil,produced by flood irrigation,prevented the seeds germination of Komatuna remarkably. The result suggests to save using water reduces damages caused by crusted soil.2. The seeds germination and the shoots growth of Komatuna failed in watering withflood irrigation because of the crusted soil damage,and failed in the seeding in flat soil without irrigation because of soil water deficit. But,these succeeded in the seeding below the continuous gutter bottoms of soil and in the heavy tamping by footfalls,especially in the former,soil surrounding seeds eontained much water in both treatments,and the maximum temperature of soil below the gutter bottoms decreased than that below the flat surface.3. Five days foliar water spraying at dusk advanced the growth of sweet potato transplants,which, have wettable leaves. But that did not advance the growth of cabbage transplants,which have leaves repelling water well. Four days of foliar water spraying on tomato leaves reduced water stress on the day after the end of water spraying also,especially in the evening.4. Much application of a quick-acting fertilizer prevented the seeds germination and the shoots growth of Komatuna,but that of a slow-acting fertilizer did not prevented them.5. Row cover with cheese cloth and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)un-woven fabrics advanced the shoots growth of Komatuna.These results indicated the availability of water can be increased more in the oasis farming in Xinjiang.

关 键 词：绿洲农业 节水 栽培 漫灌 

分 类 号：S275[农业科学—农业水土工程]