在物种水平上生物对气候和紫外线B辐射预期变化的响应  

Responses to Projected Changes in Climate and UV-B at the Species Level

作　　者：Terry V.Callaghan Lars Olof Bjrn Yuri Chernov Terry Chapin Torben R.Christensen Brian Huntley Rolf A.Ims Margareta Johansson Dyanna Jolly Sven Jonasson Nadya Matveyeva Nicolai Panikov Walter Oechel Gus Shaver Josef Elster Ingilbjrg S.Jónsdóttir Kari Laine Kari Taulavuori Erja Taulavuori Christoph Zckler 闫魏 

机构地区：[1]Abisko Scientific Research Station [2]Departnent of Cell and Organism Biology Lund University [3]A.N.Severtsov Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Animal Ecology Russian Academy of Sciences [4]Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska [5]Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Analysis GeoBiosphere Science Centre Lund University [6]School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences University of Durham [7]Institute of Biology University of Troms [8]Centre for Maori and Indigenous Planning and Development Lincoln University [9]Physiological Ecology Group Botanical Institute University of Copenhagen [10]Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences [11]Stevens Technical University [12]Global Change Research Group San Diego State University [13]The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory [14]Institute of Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic [15]University of Svalbard [16]Thule Institute University of Oulu [17]UNEP-WCMC

出　　处：《AMBIO－人类环境杂志》2004年第B11期394-411,457,共18页

摘　　要：控制实验表明,不同物种对每个环境因子变化变量产生的响应也存在着差异。植物往往对营养元素的变化反应最为强烈,尤其是氮素的增加。夏季增温实验表明,木本植物对温度的升高表现出了积极的响应,而地衣、苔藓类植物的丰富度却因增温而降低。物种对增温的响应主要受水分有效性和雪覆盖程度控制。在气候保持湿润的情况下,伴随着夏季温度的升高,许多无脊椎动物种群的数量都有所增加。实验表明,CO_2浓度和紫外线B(UV-B)辐射的增加对植物和动物影响较小,但是,一些微生物和真菌却对紫外线B辐射的增加非常敏感,甚至可能会因此产生一些诱导突变而引起流行传染病的爆发。苔原土壤的加温、CO_2浓度的升高以及矿物质营养的改善一般都会增加微生物的活动。在温带气候中,藻类往往比蓝藻细菌更占优势。冬季结冰-解冻过程的增加会导致冻壳的形成,从而会大大降低许多陆生动物的冬季存活率,改变这些动物群体的动态过程。厚的积雪会使驯鹿等植食性动物很难采食到雪下的草类植物,同时也不利于其逃避食肉动物的追捕。而无雪期的提前到来则可能会加速植物的生长。物种对气候变化的响应最初可能出现在亚种这一水平上:一个具有很高遗传/群系多样性的北极植物或动物物种,演化历史已经使其具有一种适应不同环境条件的能力,这将使它们能够很快适应未来的环境变化。本土知识(IK)、航空照片和卫星图像表明一些物种的分布已经发生了变化:北极植被更加趋向灌木化,而且生长也更加旺盛;北极驯鹿的分布范围最近也发生了变化一些原来在树线以南区域活动的害虫和鸟类也在北极被发现。与此相对应,大多数在北极地区进行繁殖鸟类的数量却都在下降。根据一些模型的预测,随着气候的变暖,苔原带鸟类的数量将会大幅度地下降。据物种-�Environmental manipulation experiments showed that species respond individualisticallyto each environmental-change variable.The greatest responses of plants were generally to nutrient,particularly nitrogen,addition.Summer warming,experiments showedthat woody plant responses were dominant and that mosses and lichens became less abundant.Responses to warming were controlled by moisture availability and snow cover.Many invertebrates increased population growth in response to summer warming,as long as desiccation was not induced.CO_2 and UV-B enrichment experiments showed that plant and animal responses were small.However,some microorganisms and species of fungi were sensitive to increased UV-B and some intensive mutagenic actions could,perhaps,lead to unexpected epidemic outbreaks.Tundra soil heating,CO_2 enrichment and amendment with mineral nutrients generally accelerated microbial activity.Algae are likely to dominate cyanobacteria in milder climates.Expected increases in winter freeze-thaw cycles leading to ice-crust formation are likely to severely reduce winter survival rate and disrupt the population dynamics of many terrestrial animals.A deeper snow cover is likely to restrict access to winter pastures by reindeer/caribou and their ability to flee from predators while any earlier onset of the snow-free period is likely to stimulate increased plant growth.Initial species responses to climate change might occur at the sub-species level:an Arctic plant or animal species with high genetic/racial diversity has proved an ability to adapt to different environmental conditions in the past and is likely to do so also in the future.Indigenous knowledge,air photographs,satellite images and monitoring show that changes in the distributions of some species are already occurring:Arctic vegetation is becoming more shrubby and more productive,there have been recent changes in the ranges of caribou,and 'new' species of insects and birds previously associated with areas south of the treeline have been recorded.In contrast,alm

关 键 词：紫外线B辐射 水分有效性 动物种群 北极地区 气候响应 气候变化 微生物 荒漠生态系统 苔原带 

分 类 号：S718.5[农业科学—林学] S512.106.1