北极4个亚区的影响分析  

Synthesis of Effects in Four Arctic Subregions

作　　者：Terry V.Callaghan Lars Olof Bjrn Yuri Chernov Terry Chapin Torben R.Christensen Brian Huntley Rolf A.Ims Margareta Johansson Dyanna Jolly Sven Jonasson Nadya Matveyeva Nicolai Panikov Walter Oechel Gus Shaver Sibyll Schaphoff Stephen Sitch Christoph Zckler 周立志 

机构地区：[1]Abisko Scientific Research Station [2]Departnent of Cell and Organism Biology Lund University [3]A.N.Severtsov Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Animal Ecology Russian Academy of Sciences [4]Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska [5]Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Analysis GeoBiosphere Science Centre Lund University [6]School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences University of Durham [7]Institute of Biology University of Troms [8]Centre for Maori and Indigenous Planning and Development Lincoln University [9]Physiological Ecology Group Botanical Institute University of Copenhagen [10]Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences [11]Stevens Technical University [12]Global Change Research Group San Diego State University [13]The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory [14]Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) [15]UNEP-WCMC

出　　处：《AMBIO－人类环境杂志》2004年第B11期445-449,共5页

摘　　要：在评价北极陆地生态系统影响时,人们常常强调物种和生态系统对环境变化响应的地理变化,这种变化往往与气候、生物多样性、植被带、生态系统结构和功能的南-北梯度相关联,可是,环境、生态系统的功能和结构上,以及环境史和当前气候变化的明显东-西变化显然也很重要。尽管一些地方变得温暖,但另一些地方却降温了,海洋、群岛和山脉等地理屏障的东西差异过去也对物种和植被带响应气候变化而改变分布区的能力产生了很大影响,同时,这些地理屏障为种群遗传分化和生物多样性热点区的形成提供了必要的隔离条件,这些屏障在未来气候变暖时,也将影响物种重新分布的能力。为了说明这种东西向的变化,同时也避免过分笼统或过于专业化,基于大尺度的天气和气候形成因素,北极气候影响评价项目确定了4个主要亚区。通过模拟与4个北极气候影响评价亚区有关的主要信息,导致物种分布区发生改变的地理屏障,特别是大陆的分布和海洋产生的隔离,明显会影响植被带的向北移动。对植被区向北移动的地理限制或者促进将影响将来碳的贮存和释放,以及生物圈与大气之间水和能量的交换。此外,气候变化使受威胁物种数量在各个亚区之间差别很大(白令海地区则尤其是热点),各个植被亚区重新分布的能力差异将影响每个区的生物多样性。总而言之,亚区分析表明,在整个北极地区水平上概括生态系统结构和功能的反应、物种的丧失,以及生物圈对气候系统的反馈的趋势是困难的,说明需要对北极陆地生态系统对于气候变化响应的空间变化性有深刻的认识。An assessment of impacts on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems has emphasized geographical variability in responses of species and ecosystems to environmental change.This variability is usually associated with north-south gradients in climate,biodiversity,vegetation zones, and ecosystem structure and function.It is clear,however,that significant east-west variability in environment,ecosystem structure and function,environmental history,and recent climate variability is also important.Some areas have cooled while others have become warmer.Also,east-west differences between geographical barriers of oceans, archipelagos and mountains have contributed significantly in the past to the ability of species and vegetation zones to relocate in response to climate changes,and they have created the isolation necessary for genetic differentiation of populations and biodiversity hot-spots to occur.These barriers will also affect the ability of species to relocate during projected future warming.To include this eastwest variability and also to strike a balance between overgeneralization and overspecialization,the ACIA identified four major sub regions based on large-scale differences in weather and climate-shaping factors.Drawing on information, mostly model output that can be related to the four ACIA subregions,it is evident that geographical barriers to species re-location,particularly the distribution of landmasses and separation by seas,will affect the northwards shift in vegetation zones.The geographical constraints—or facilitation—of northward movement of vegetation zones will affect the future storage and release of carbon,and the exchange of energy and water between biosphere and atmosphere.In addition,differences in the ability of vegetation zones to re-locate will affect the biodiversity associated with each zone while the number of species threatened by climate change varies greatly between subregions with a significant hot-spot in Beringia. Overall,the subregional synthesis demonstrates the difficulty of generalizing

关 键 词：荒漠生态系统 北极地区 气候变化 紫外线B辐射 生态系统结构 陆地生态系统 气候影响评价 生物多样性 物种数量 

分 类 号：Q948.122.3[生物学—植物学] P467[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]