喀斯特石漠化过程中植被演替及其对径流水化学的影响  

VEGETATION SUCCESSION WITH KARST ROCKY DESERTIFICATION AND ITS IMPACT ON WATER CHEMISTRY OF RUNOFF

作　　者：刘方[1] 王世杰[1] 罗海波[2] 刘元生[2] 何腾兵[2] 龙健[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室,贵阳550002 [2]贵州大学环境与资源研究所,贵阳550025 [3]贵州师范大学地理科学系,贵阳550004

出　　处：《土壤学报》2006年第1期26-32,共7页Acta Pedologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(90202003;40361004);中国科学院地球化学研究所知识创新工程前沿领域项目(IG-04-01)资助

摘　　要：通过对贵州中部喀斯特地区进行植被调查以及土壤和径流样品的分析,探讨石漠化过程中植被演替及其对径流水化学组成的影响。结果表明:喀斯特石漠化后,土壤出现粘质化,有机质含量急剧下降,土壤毛管孔隙度下降,干旱季节表层和次表层土壤的含水量明显减少,改变了生态系统的水分运动规律。喀斯特地表径流中离子浓度的大小排序为HCO3->SO42->Ca2+>Mg2+>K+、NO3-、Cl->Na+>NH4+>PO43-,地表径流水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型为主;随着石漠化程度的增加,地表径流中PO43-输出量明显增加,其次是Ca2+、NO3-,这部分养分的流失造成土壤养分水平下降,同时影响受纳水体的环境质量。地下径流离子组成与地表径流总体相似,但HCO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量高于地表径流,而K+、NH4+的含量低于地表径流;石漠化发生后,地下径流中HCO3-、Mg2+浓度明显减少,岩溶作用减弱,而NH4+、NO3-浓度明显增加,对地下水质产生一定的影响。Karst rocky desertification is a land degradation process, involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks, drastic decrease in soil productivity, and appearance of a desert-like landscape. As it is a serious problem in Guizhou Province, studies were carried out on succession of the vegetations on lands under karst rocky desertification and its impact on chemical composition of runoffs from the lands in this region through vegetation surveys and analysis of soil and runoff samples. The results show that with development of karst rocky desertification, the soil was losing organic matter rapidly, becoming clayey in texture, decreasing in soil capillary porosity and in water-holding capacity in the surface or subsurface soil layers significantly during dry seasons, thus altering the law of water movement in karst ecological system. The analysis of chemical composition of surface runoffs show that in terms of concentration, anions and cations in the surface runoffs were in the order of HCO3^- 〉 SO4^2- 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋ 〉 K^＋ , NO3^-, Cl^- 〉 Na^＋ 〉 NH4^＋ 〉 PO4^3-. With karst rocky desertification going on, the output of PO4^3- in the surface runoff increased significantly, and that of Ca^2＋ and NO3^- followed, thus leading to decrease in soil fertility and affecting environmental quality of the recipient waterbodies. The variation of chemical composition of ground runoff was similar to that of the surface runoff, but the concentrations of HCO3^- , Ca^2＋ , and Mg^2＋ were higher than that in the surface runoff, respectively, while the concentrations of NH4^＋ and K^＋ lower than that in the surface runoff. The concentrations of HCO3^- and Mg^2＋ were reduced obviously with karst rocky desertification proceeding on, thus weakening karstification, while the concentrations of NH4^＋ and NO3^- were increased significantly, thus affecting the quality of ground-water, to some extent.

关 键 词：喀斯特 石漠化 土壤-植物系统 径流 水化学 

分 类 号：S156.1[农业科学—土壤学] S157.1[农业科学—农业基础科学]