机构地区:[1]中国医学科学院药用植物研究所,北京100094 [2]四川大学华西药学院,成都610041 [3]北京中医药大学中药学院,北京100102
出 处:《植物分类学报》2006年第1期1-46,共46页Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica
基 金:国家自然科学基金(30530860)~~
摘 要:毛茛科Ranunculaceae乌头属AconitumL.植物作为有毒植物及药用植物一直受到广泛的关注。本属全世界约有300余种,其中超过半数分布在中国。本文在总结乌头属二萜生物碱的化学分类及其分布、特征性二萜生物碱及其分类价值以及二萜生物碱的生源关系及其分类学意义的基础上,结合其毒性和疗效讨论了国产乌头属植物亲缘关系、化学成分和疗效及毒性之间的相关性,亦即药用亲缘学的初步研究。发现牛扁亚属subgen.Lycoctonum是以牛扁碱和C18-二萜生物碱为主的类群,由于其毒性中等,因而是寻找镇痛、抗炎等新药的一个对象。从二萜生物碱化学成分来看,露蕊乌头亚属subgen.Gymnaconitum并不显得最为进化,对其分类位置尚难作出最后的结论。乌头亚属subgen.Aconitum亚属下系之间的化学分类表现出如下特征:(1)唐古特乌头系ser.Tangutica和圆叶乌头系ser.Rotundifolia是以内酯型二萜生物碱为主的类群,毒性较小,是新药寻找的重点研究类群。保山乌头系ser.Bullatifolia以C20-二萜生物碱如光翠雀碱和宋果灵以及C19-二萜生物碱如乌头碱、滇乌碱和尼奥灵等为主。短柄乌头系ser.Brachypoda显示以3-乙酰乌头碱、乌头碱、伏乌碱等高度进化的乌头碱型二萜生物碱为主,胺醇类如尼奥灵次之,有时共存其他纳哌啉型C20-二萜生物碱的特征。准噶尔乌头系ser.Grandituberosa的化学特征是以高度进化的乌头碱型如乌头碱等和比较原始的胺醇如塔拉萨敏、尼奥灵等以及C20-二萜生物碱为主,均有较大毒性。褐紫乌头系ser.Brunnea则以C20-二萜生物碱如光翠雀碱和宋果灵为主,杂有高度进化的乌头碱型二萜生物碱如乌头碱等成分。化学分类上不支持其独立成为一个分支。以上各系组成乌头亚属的原始和中间过渡类群。其中唐古特乌头系和圆叶乌头系最为相近,褐紫乌头系可能是连接保山乌头系和短柄乌头系Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) is a large genus of about 300 species distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This genus consist of three well-circumscribed subgenera, subgen. Lycoctonum (DC.) Peterm., subgen. Aconitum and subgen. Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Rapaics. The southwestern China, particularly its Hengduan Mountains region, is the most important center of diversity and speciation of the genus. Many species in this genus have been used as poisonous and medicinal plants. This paper is to evaluate the taxonomic value of diterpenoid alkaloids mainly at subgeneric and serial levels of the genus Aconitum based on an analysis of the distribution of diterpenoid alkaloids in the Chinese species and of their biogenetic pathways. The correlation between phylogeny, chemical constituents and pharmaceutical uses in the genus Aconitum is also discussed from the data of the toxicity and therapeutic value of the species in the genus, a research field for which the term "pharmacophylogenetics" is here specifically coined. The major points of the paper are summarized as follows: 1. Diterpenoid alkaloids known in plants fall into four skeletal types: C18, C19, C20 and bisditerpenoid alkaloids. They can be further subdivided into 14 subgroups, namely, C18: appaconine-type (Ⅰ) and ranaconine-type (Ⅱ); C19: aconitine-type (Ⅲ), lycoctonine-type (Ⅳ), 7,17-seco-type (Ⅴ) and lactone-type (Ⅵ); C20: atisine-type (Ⅶ), denudatine-type (Ⅷ), hetidine-type (Ⅸ), hetisine-type (Ⅹ), veatihine-type (Ⅺ) (not found in Aconitum species), napelline-type (Ⅻ) and anopterine-type (ⅩⅢ) (not found in Aconitum species); and bisditerpenoid alkaloids (ⅩⅣ). 2. The species in Aconitum subgen. Lycoctonum contain mainly the C18-diterpenoid alkaloids (lappaconine-type and ranaconine-type) and C19-diterpenoid alkaloids (lycoctonine-type). Roots of the plants in this subgenus show a relatively lower toxicity (LD50
关 键 词:乌头属 化学分类 传统药物学 毛茛科 药用亲缘学
分 类 号:Q949.746.5[生物学—植物学]
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