中国中生代鸟类概述(英文)  

MESOZOIC BIRDS OF CHINA-A SYNOPTIC REVIEW

作　　者：周忠和[1] 张福成[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京100044

出　　处：《古脊椎动物学报》2006年第1期74-98,共25页Vertebrata Palasiatica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(编号:40121202);中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(编号:KZCX3-SW-142)资助

摘　　要：对中国中生代鸟类的发现和研究进行了简要的介绍。近年来生物地层学和年代地层学的工作表明,这些鸟类主要属于早白垩世的中晚期(131～120Ma),延续了争少11Ma,但主要的辐射发生在125～120Ma 间。为便于分析早白垩世鸟类多样性的演变,本文依据已发表的化石,新建了6个目和科,从而将中国早白垩世鸟类目的总数提高到了15个,进一步揭示了鸟类出现以来第一次大规模的辐射事件。这一大的辐射还表现在鸟类在形态、飞行能力个体大小、食性和生态习性等均出现了显著的分异。早期鸟类进化过程中首先经历了个体减小过程,其后在今鸟类中率先开始了个体增大的趋势。早期鸟类个体大小的变化受其飞行能力的限制；同时还与食性、习性等的变化密切相关。对热河鸟的进一步分析表明,其脚趾可能不具备完全对握的功能,但这并不影响其攀援树干的能力。树栖的适应对鸟类飞行的起源及其早期演化具有重要的影响,同样,适应湖岸生活方式对今鸟类的起源演化具有重要的意义。中国早白垩世的鸟类保存了许多食性的直接证据。推测最早的鸟类以食昆虫为主,尔后才出现了特化的植食性和肉食性(如食鱼类)的种类。早白垩世发现的惟一一件鸟类的胚胎化石表明早成性鸟类在鸟类演化史上的出现先于晚成性的鸟类。此外,根据胚胎的大小等特征推测这一鸟类可能还具有较短的孵化周期。腿羽在早期鸟类中可能具有广泛的分布,这一观察进一步表明腿羽在鸟类祖先的飞行之初曾经发挥了重要的作用。最后,探讨鸟类的演化离不开它所生活的生态系统。鸟类与其他生物如翼龙竞争中的优势可能直接导致了鸟类的快速发展和分化；同时,这些类群相互间的竞争对翼龙等其他生物的地理扩散也具有重要的影响。A synoptic review of the discoveries and studies of the Chinese Mesozoic birds is provided in this paper. ^40Ar/^39Ar dating of several bird-bearing deposits in the Jehol Group has established a geochronological framework for the study of the early avian radiation. Chinese Mesozoic birds had lasted for at least 11 Ma during about 131 Ma and 120 Ma （ Barremian to Aptian） of the middle and late Early Cretaceous. In order to further evaluate the change of the avian diversity in the Jehol Biota, six new orders and families are erected based on known genera and species, which brings the total number of orders of Chinese Mesozoic birds to 15 and highlights a remarkable radiation ever since the first appearance of birds in the Late Jurassic. Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had experienced a significant differentiation in morphology, flight, diet and habitat. Further examination of the foot of Jeholornis suggests this bird might not have possessed a fully reversed hallux. However, the attachment of metatarsal I to the medial side of metatarsal II does not preclude trunk climbing, a pre-adaptation for well developed perching life of early birds. Arboreality had proved to be a key adaptation in the origin and early evolution of bird flight, and the adaptation to lakeshore environment had played an equally important role in the origin of ornithurine birds and their near-modem flight skill. Many Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had preserved the direct evidence of their diet, showing that the most primitive birds were probably mainly insectivorous and that specialized herbivorous or carnivorous （ e. g. , piscivorous） dietary adaptation had appeared only in later advanced forms. The only known Early Cretaceous bird embryo fossil has shown that precocial birds had occurred prior to ahricial birds in avian history, and the size of the embryo and other analysis indicate it probably had a short incubation period. Leg feathers probably have a wide range of distribution in early birds, further suggesting that leg feathers had

关 键 词：中国 早白垩世 鸟类 

分 类 号：Q915.861[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]