人类活动对典型三角洲演变的影响——Ⅱ黄河和海河三角洲  

Delta processes and management strategies in China——Ⅱ The Yellow and Haihe River deltas

作　　者：王兆印[1] 程东升 刘成 

机构地区：[1]清华大学水利系,北京100084 [2]国际泥沙研究培训中心,北京100044

出　　处：《泥沙研究》2006年第1期76-80,F0003,共6页Journal of Sediment Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金和香港研究资助局联合资助(50318003);国家自然科学资金项目资助(50379056;50109006)

摘　　要：现代黄河三角洲是在近150年来淤积、泛滥、改道过程中建造起来的。人类活动对黄河三角洲的演变产生着愈来愈强烈的影响。在这片新生的土地上已经发展起了油田和现代化的新兴城市。由于水少沙多,入海河道单一但十分不稳定。过去150年里发生了11次较大的改道。为了开发油田、基础设施建设和城市发展,人们采取了一系列稳定河道的工程措施,这对于三角洲的演变和造陆产生了巨大的影响。由于水资源过度开发,海河水系诸河流都变成了季节性河流,仅在发生大洪水时有径流入海。为了防洪开挖了十几个入海河口。分析证明河流自然维持的入海河口数目与水沙比成正比。由于海河入海河口数与水沙比不适应,潮流海浪将泥沙输入河口淤积,造成这些人工河口的严重萎缩。疏浚解决河口淤积问题只治标。在渤海湾诸河口修建长双导堤切断高含沙浑浊带,可以控制泥沙进入河口淤积,并且最终将渤海湾沿岸高含沙带变成陆地。The present Yellow River delta has developed over the past 150 years as a consequence of siltation and avulsions of the river channel, flooding and sedimentation. Human activities have also sharply changed the delta processes. Oil fields and a new city with a modem infrastructure have been developed on the newly created land, The river channel within the delta is very dynamic. Humans stabilize the river channel by dredging and building levees for construction of the oil field infrastructure and residences. Moreover, the sediment is being used for land creation. To control flash flood humans have dug many drainage channels to discharge flood from the Haihe River and its tributaries, Nevertheless, the number of river mouths is proportional to the ratio of water and sediment under natural conditions. The number of river mouths is too large and tidal flow carries sediment into the fiver mouths and caused the river mouths shrinking. Dredging is only a temporary solution to this problem. Double guiding dykes, long enough to cut off the high turbidity belt along the coast, are being examined as the main strategy to control sedimentation of the river mouths, The shallow high turbidity belt along the Bohai coast can be changed into land if numerous guiding dykes are constructed.

关 键 词：三角洲演变 黄河 海河 人类活动 管理策略 

分 类 号：TV148[水利工程—水力学及河流动力学]