无望的对抗格局——三论世界历史上的大清帝国  

The Hopeless Conflict Structure: The Third Comments on Qing Empire in the World History

作　　者：何芳川[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史系,教授100871

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2006年第1期86-95,共10页Historiography Bimonthly

摘　　要：当近代西方殖民列强东来的时候,它们面临的是一个走向衰亡的明王朝和一个崛起的清王朝。上升时期的大清帝国,特别是其康雍乾盛世,国家生命力旺盛。无论是葡萄牙、西班牙还是荷兰、英国,都无法阻止其繁荣昌盛。然而伴随着西方资本主义的发展,西方列强轮番兴起,由于各种内部因素,如中国封建王朝自然经济的发展规律,中国封建社会晚期皇权压制下海商集团的命运,大清帝国反而逐渐耗尽了国家生命力,终于沦为列强的半殖民地并走向衰亡。When western colonialist powers expanded eastwards, they found a declined Ming dynasty and a rising Qing dynasty. During the period of establishment and heyday of Qing Empire, her national vitality was so much rigorous that no western power, no matter Portugal, Spain, Holland and Britain could resist her momentum of development. Accompanied by the development of modern western capitalism, however, the western powers have been prosperous in turn, at the same time , because of the various factions such as the law of natural economy in Chinese dynasties, the destiny of Chinese maritime merchants under the oppress of Chinese monarchy, Qing empire exhausted her national vitality and declined eventually.

关 键 词：国家生命力周期 路径依赖 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]