耕作对坡耕地水土流失和冬小麦产量的影响  

Effects of Tillage Practices on Erosion and Winter Wheat Yield on Sloping Dryland

作　　者：金轲[1] 蔡典雄[1] 吕军杰 张杰[2] 吴会军[1] 荣向农[1] Donald Gabriels Wouter Schiettecatte 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]中国农业科学院洛阳旱农基地,河南洛阳471000 [3]Department of Soil Management and Soil Care,Gent University,Coupour Links 653,Belgium

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2006年第4期1-5,49,共6页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：中-比国际合作项目"坡耕地水土保持研究"

摘　　要：在模拟降雨和自然降雨条件下研究长期(6年)定位耕作措施对豫西旱区坡耕地水分保持、土壤流失以及冬小麦产量的影响。耕作措施包括少耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖和常规耕作。田间模拟降雨试验用来测定不同耕作措施对径流和土壤流失的影响,自然降雨小区主要用来验证模拟试验结果,同时测定不同耕作措施对冬小麦产量的影响。模拟试验结果表明:不同耕作措施下的土壤饱和导水率没有明显差异,雨前土壤含水量和降雨强度均显著影响地表径流。在试验条件下,免耕覆盖处理未产生径流和土壤流失,水土保持效果最好。与常规耕作比较,深松覆盖处理分别减少径流和土壤流失50%和90%。尽管少耕可以有效降低土壤流失,但其产生的径流量和常规耕作相近。在自然降雨条件下,免耕覆盖和深松覆盖的水土保持效果从第3年开始显著。深松覆盖在任何年型均能够显著提高冬小麦的产量。相比较常规耕作,深松覆盖平均增产9.4%。免耕覆盖除丰水年也能显著提高冬小麦产量,但增产效果不如深松覆盖显著。少耕无明显增产效果。由于产量对农民来说是评判一个耕作措施效果的重要依据,同时考虑到深松覆盖显著的水土保持效果,我们认为深松覆盖是适合当地旱作农业的一个有效耕作措施。In order to examine the effect of alternative tillage practices on crop yield, water conservation and soil loss, a field study was conducted over a period of 6 years. On field plots near I.uoyang （Henan province） the following tillage practices were applied ： reduced tillage, no-tillage, subsoiling and conventional tillage. Rainfall simulation experiments were done to examine the effect of tillage on runoff and soil losses. Negligible runoff amounts were observed on the no-tillage plot. Long-term tillage practices did not have significant effects on the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Comparing runoff occurred at same plot under different situation found that both antecedent soil moisture content and rainfall intensity significantly influenced the rate of runoff. No-tillage showed the best effect on soil and water conservation. Subsoiling reduced runoff and soil losses by more than 50% and 90% respectively, compared to conventional tillage. Although soil losses under reduced tillage decreased by half compared to conventional tillage, the differences in runoff amounts were small. No-tillage and Subsoiling had similar beneficial effect on water conservation under natural rainfall; however, it only took effect after two years consecutive practices. Reduced tillage had a negative effect on the runoff compared to conventional tillage. For every year of the field trial period, subsoiling was found to give the highest yields. On average, an increase of 9.4 % was observed compared to conventional tillage. The effects of no-tillage on the yield were not uniform. No-tillage could increase yield except rain rich year, while a slightly lower yield was found under reduced tillage. Because yield is an important criterion in promoting alternative tillage practices towards farmers, subsoiling can be regarded as a promising measure to improve soil and water conservation in the eastern loess plateau of china.

关 键 词：早区坡耕地 侵蚀 径流 深松覆盖 冬小麦 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]