革新稻作技术 维护粮食安全与生态安全  

Innovating Rice Farming Systems, Ensuring Food and Environments Safety

作　　者：王熹[1] 陶龙兴[1] 谈惠娟[1] 程式华[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国水稻研究所/水稻生物学国家重点实验室,杭州310006

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2006年第10期1984-1991,共8页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：农业部跨越计划项目(2005-01);农业部农业结构调整重大专项资助项目(2003-01-02A);浙江省重大科技攻关项目(2004C22002;2005C22019)

摘　　要：分析了中国水情脆弱与水稻生产过程对周边水域与环境的面源污染,认为自20世纪60年代以来,以推广矮秆品种为中心的绿色革命负面影响—水稻生产对环境资源的渐进破坏日显严重,无节制用水、不规范用化肥、无序施用农药已成当今稻作的三个技术陋习。为实现在有限水土资源条件下的中国粮食安全与生态安全,作者在近十年田间试验与定点示范研究的基础上,提出了灌溉稻“麦作式”高产湿种技术,其主要技术要点是:前茬种豆科绿肥、直播超级杂交稻、实行旱作节水措施“湿土播种,浅水护苗,旱管培根,沟水育穗,干湿防衰”。在江浙两省多点示范推广结果表明,这一以节制用水为中心内容的集成技术,不仅可以达到与水层灌溉稻作相近的单位面积产量,而且收到节水、节电、省工等多项社会经济效益。作者指出了研究灌溉稻湿种技术的必要性:灌溉稻集中分布在中国南方丰水地区,占该地区水稻种植面积的85%,用水量大,节省灌溉用水对优化中国水资源分配,服务“南水北调”意义重大;该稻区域具备稳定的灌溉水源,土壤熟化,物候资源丰富,人文与科技发达,稻作稳产高产,对提高中国粮食自给力举足轻重。建国50年来,中国稻作面积比建国初期增加了12%,单位面积产量提高了226%,总产量增加了265%,稻作科技进步的生产力效应主要表现在不断提高单位面积产量。面对人多、地少、水少的基本国情,稻作革新的方向,仍以提高单位水稻面积产量为主要目标,须配备具有资源低耗与环境友好特点的集成技术。After considering the fragility of fresh water resource and our country＇s insufficient plow land, the authors looked back to the 1960＇s and noticed negative effects from the ＂Green revolution,＂ based on the use of a semi-dwarf gene. Water was pumped out egregiously to irrigate paddy fields for high yield. Excess agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers were poured on to rice fields. Drainage water containing chemicals from paddy flowed to the water system and polluted the environments. The authors of this paper point out to the need to reform those rice farming activities for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. After nearly ten years of research, a new rice farming system was released. The technique was named as Non-flooding Rice Farming in Irrigated Rice Fields （NFRF）. Rice was cultivated as dry-land crops. The technical components of the NFRF included planting green manure, planting super-hybrid rice, and implementing direct seeding and non-flooding irrigation. Results from the demonstrations in Zhejiang province showed that the benefits from the NFRF were not only in water saving and yield enhancement, but also in labor saving and environmental safety. The irrigated rice field was mainly in the southern part of China where the water for irrigation is sufficient. Its area and water consumption occupied 85% of the total rice area and nearly 50% of total fresh water, so water saving rice within those areas is much important to food security and environmental safety. NFRF practice in those areas will have positive effects on a project to transfer water to the north. The authors point to the following as the main achievements in rice cultivation area within the past 50 years： The use of functional genes in innovative agronomy and physiology drove rice development. Rice planting areas, rice grain yields per unit and total yield output increased by 12%, 226% and 265% respectively since liberation. The total rice yield increase mainly resulted from the increment of grain yield per unit. C

关 键 词：水稻 技术革新 “麦作式”水稻湿种 粮食安全 生态安全 专论 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]