血吸虫病的生态防治与抑螺防病林消除钉螺孳生环境机制  

Ecological Measures for Schistosomiasis Prevention and Mechanisms of Snail Control Through Afforestation

作　　者：费世民[1] 周金星[2] 张旭东[2] 蒋俊明[1] 陈秀明[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川省林业科学研究院,成都610081 [2]中国林业科学研究院,北京100091

出　　处：《湿地科学与管理》2006年第4期28-32,共5页Wetland Science & Management

摘　　要：血吸虫病是发展中国家主要的寄生虫病之一,历史悠久,传播广泛,危害严重。研究表明,血吸虫是血吸虫病的病原体,哺乳类动物(终末宿主)和钉螺(中间宿主)是血吸虫的两个宿主。由于钉螺寄生终末宿主哺乳类动物种类多样,活动区域繁杂,人类难以控制,抑制中间寄主——钉螺的繁生便成了血吸虫病防治的有效对策。钉螺具有水陆两栖特性,其中卵的孵化、幼螺的生长发育离不开水。钉螺分布和数量受土壤和植被环境因素影响,并对栖息地具有严格的选择性。依据钉螺生物学和生态学特性,彭镇华和江泽慧提出通过林业生态工程对血吸虫病进行生态防治的思路——兴林抑螺。参照前人研究结果,综合分析了抑螺防病林改变钉螺孳生环境的机制:(1)在林木个体耗水、林分耗水、小流域耗水和林冠降低径流等方面,抑螺防病林降低了土壤水分含量,使得林地土壤水分无法满足钉螺的生长和发育条件;(2)从林木自身生物化学物质对钉螺外在生存和内部代谢环境影响角度,分析了林木自身代谢产物对抑制钉螺的生存和繁殖的作用及抑螺防病林抑制钉螺生存的生理生化机制。抑螺防病林除了具有抑制钉螺生长发育、控制血吸虫病的功能以外,还兼有人工林的多重效益。Schistosomiasis is one of the main verminosis in developing countries, with a long history, wide distribution and severe damage. It has been demonstrated that Schistosome is pathogen of schistosomiasis, and the mammalian animal （the end host） and snails （the intermediate host） are their two hosts. Because the end host is highly diverse and has complicated behavior, making it difficult to control by human, therefore, depression of reproduction of the intermediate host becomes an effective strategy for preventing schistosomiasis. Snails have similar habit as amphibian, the hatching of their eggs and the growth and development of young snails is not possible without water. The distributions and amounts of snails are influenced by soil and vegetation conditions, they are strictly selective on habitats. According to the biological and ecological features of snail, considering the ecological and environmental benefits, Prof. Peng Zhenhua and Jiang Zehui developed the idea of Schistosomiasis prevention by ecological measures——growing plantations for snail control, Based on previous studies, we conducted an integrated analysis of the mechanisms of snail control and schistosomiasis prevention through growing plantations： 1） In terms of water consumption of individual trees, forest stands and vegetation of small watershed and the decreased runoff by canopy, the plantations for snail control and schistosomiasis prevention reduce soil moisture content, making the soil moisture of forestland insufficient for growth and development of snails. 2） The influences of biochemical substances of trees on the external survival and internal metabolizing conditions of the snails were analyzed. Meanwhile, some studies on physiological and biochemical mechanisms of plantation for snail control and schistosomiasis prevention were also conducted, In addition to the functions of snail control and schistosomiasis prevention, the plantation also has multiple benefits of other types of plantations.

关 键 词：血吸虫 生态防治 抑螺防病林 钉螺 多重效益 

分 类 号：R532.2[医药卫生—内科学]