黄土高原泾河流域牲畜承载力分析  

Analysis on the livestock capability of the Jinghe River basin on the Loess Plateau

作　　者：毕晓丽[1] 王辉[1] 周睿 洪军[1] 索安宁[1] 葛剑平[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学生命科学学院,北京100875

出　　处：《生态学报》2006年第12期4219-4224,共6页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家"973"计划资助项目(G2000046802);国家"973"计划资助项目(2002CB111507);高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金资助项目(2000002716);国家自然科学基金资助项目(30270254)~~

摘　　要：畜牧业是泾河流域北部地区的经济支柱产业。过度放牧使草地退化，土地沙化严重，是流域生态环境恶化的主要原因之一。根据降雨，植被．牲畜量之间的定量关系。利用泾河流域1971—2000年平均降雨数据，估算了泾河流域牲畜承载力的空间分布格局，并根据同期的各县市牲畜存栏数据和该区植被分布数据，分析各县市放牧压力的时空分布。对于泾河流域的牲畜承载力水平而言，目前是一个什么状况以及与理论上的最大承载力的可变动的空间如何，是研究的主要目的，以期为该区的农牧业合理布局及其退耕还林（草）工程具体实施提供科学依据和理论指导。利用DEM对该流域近30a的降水数据空间插值，获得降雨空间数据，并以降雨．生产力．牲畜量的经验模型进行估算，研究结果表明以降雨R估算的泾河流域牲畜承载力空间分布自南向北逐渐变小。基于县域单元，对于表征放牧压力的牲畜放牧指数（SRI）而言，相对总面积的SPd只有环县、吴旗、定边、盐池和泾川5县超过1，表明这5个县属于过度放牧区域，其它地区不存在牲畜超载现象；对于基于草地面积的SPd，除了经济相对发达的西峰市、咸阳市区、兴平市和泾渭交界的地区部分县市小于1，大部分地区的SPd值都大于1，尤其是北部的环县、吴旗、盐池、定边等县。都超过10几倍。属于严重的超载放牧地区，超载放牧是北部地区土地沙漠化的主要原因，而北部区域是泾河乃至整个黄土高原的泥沙的主要来源，因此产生严重的生态影响。退耕还林（草）工程实施中应明确上述县市的严重的生态现象，并对这些区域的生态地位重点进行宣传教育。同时，表明基于草地面积计算的牲畜放牧指数较基于总面积计算的更具有现实意义。Jinghe river, originated from the Liupan Mountain in Shannxi Province, is one of the secondary tributaries of the Yellow River. For the local residents of this basin, stockbreeding is one of the main economic income resource. Along with the economic development in Northwest China, overstocking became more and more severe in the basin, and came to the most crucial cause for grassland degradation and environmental deterioration. To the livestock carrying capacity of Jinghe River basin, what the present condition is and how to reach to a reasonable condition is the main purpose of this paper. According to relationship among precipitation-vegetation-livestock numbers, in this study, the authors have collected the even monthly precipitation of 16 meteorological base stations and 200 rainfall stations and the even annual county-leveled livestock number data in this basin from 1971 -- 2000, in addition to the vegetation classification data and the DEM（ 100m × 100m） data of the basin. Using the DEM model, the spacial distribution of the annual precipitation of the basin was interpolated with the DEM data in this paper, and intersected with the vegetation classification data; the spatial distribution of grassland NPP were made based on the Thorthwaite model in which the model parameter was estimated. Through the relationship between annual precipitation and estimated grassland NPP, livestock carrying capacity of the grassland in the basin was evaluated employing the method proposed by Oesterheld. And then, we figured out spatial and temporal pattern of the stocking rate index （SR/）, radio of the actual livestock numbers and estimated stock carrying capacity of the grassland considered with climatic factors in the level of county. And the index denoted the livestock pressure. The results showed as following： The grassland livestock carrying capacity exhibited a decreasing tendency as the fall-down of the precipitation in the basin. But the livestock pressure showed a contrary tendency. To the SR/based on the

关 键 词：牲畜承载力 降水 草地 净第一生产力(NPP) 牲畜放牧指数(SRI) 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]