巨峰葡萄(Vitis labruscana Kyoho)闭花受精机理的研究  

Mechanism of cleistogamy in‘Kyoho’grape (Vitis labruscana)

作　　者：白惠磊[1] 张素丽[1] 梁庆沙[1] 胡建芳[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院,北京100094

出　　处：《中国农业大学学报》2007年第2期27-33,共7页Journal of China Agricultural University

基　　金：北京市科委重大项目(D0706002000091)

摘　　要：为研究葡萄闭花受精机理，利用石蜡切片观察了巨峰葡萄雌雄配子体发育的相关性、花粉萌发、人工授粉结实等，结果表明：雌配子体开始发育略晚于雄配子体．雌雄配子体分别在开花前4～5和2～3日完成结构发育。花粉在开花前5日已有少量萌发，开花前3日到开花日花粉萌发率和花前人工援粉率分别为14．8％和22．7％，呈逐渐上升的趋势，开花前2、3日进行人工授粉雌蕊坐果率分别为3．2％和4．59％，说明雌雄配子体在结构和生理功能上已发育成熟，为闭花受精提供了条件。利用水溶性胶人为闭花授粉条件下胚囊发育正常，并能完成受精，同时在花柱、子房和珠孔萌发的花粉管数、座果率与开花授粉条件没有差异，显示巨峰葡萄主要为花前闭花受精类型，在不适宜开花的环境条件下也可发生假闭花受精。闭花受精可能并不是导致坐果率低的主要原因，而与自身发育结构有关，同时也是为适应外界环境条件所表现的一种发育对策。In order to understanding the mechanism of cleistogamy of ‘Kyoho＇ grapevine, we observed the relation of female gametophyte development with that of male, rate of pollen germination and rate of fruit set by the hand-pollination in pre-anthesis, pollen-tube growth in the pistil and fruit set during cleistogamy. The results showed that female gametophyte developed more slowly than male gametophyte. However, both finished their development at 4 and 2 days respectively before blooming. It was also found that a few pollen germinated at 5 days before anthesis and then increased. The germinating rate of pollen was 14.8% at 3 days before anthesis, but increased to 22.7% at anthesis. The low rates of fruiting due to hand-pollination, 3.2% and 4.59% at 2 and 3 days respectively before anthesis, indicated that both pollen and pistil developed well in either structure or physiology, which made it possible for cleistogamy. Under the condition of populated cleistogamy, embryo sac structure could develop well. There was little difference in the numbers of pollen tube, style, ovary, micropyle in pistil and fruit set by clistogamy and natural pollination. It was thus suggested that ‘Kyoho＇ grapevine belonged to preanthesis cleistogamy. Pseudocleistogamy might occur at the condition which was not suitable for flowering. Pseudocleistogamy might not be the main reasons for low fruiting rate. The structure development and physiological natures of both female and male gametophytes could be related to the low fruiting rate, which might be the strategy for them to adapt environmental conditions as well.

关 键 词：巨峰葡萄 闭花受精 雌雄配子体 花粉管生长 胚囊 坐果 

分 类 号：S662.1[农业科学—果树学]