战略、制度和文化的较量——第二次布匿战争中的罗马与迦太基  

A Contest in Strategy,Polity,and Culture:Rome and Carthage during the Second Punic War

作　　者：时殷弘[1] 惠黎文[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院 [2]中国人民大学

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2007年第4期33-39,共7页World Economics and Politics

摘　　要：作者认为需要以战略、制度和文化三方面综合较量的视野看待第二次布匿战争——决定西方文明未来方向的一场持久大战,并在它们互相能动的关系中探究和展示罗马最终战胜迦太基的基本缘由。在制度领域和首先体现于民族精神特质的文化领域,较量的主体是作为两个国家或社会实体的罗马与迦太基,而在战略领域,它们却大致只是汉尼拔个人与元老院主宰的罗马国家。罗马赢得了所有三方面的较量,其中真正艰难并且确实曲折跌宕的是在战略方面,包含重要的战略机理,而费边和小西庇阿是罗马统治集体内战略贡献特大的两位军事统帅,罗马的制度优势和文化优势则构成战略优越的终极条件。比较而言,作为民族精神和政治文化竞争的文化较量最深刻、最广泛,制度较量次之,战略较量又次之。然而,由于军事天才汉尼拔,对人类事务影响非同小可的偶然性在这场战争中大大有利于迦太基而非罗马,体现了人世间偶然对“结构性”必然的一幕精彩反差。The authors argue that the Second Punic War,a protracted ancient major war that decided the future orientation of Western civilization,should be observed from a perspective combining three-dimensional contests in strategy,polity,and culture.Only through the dynamic intercourses among these contests can we explore the fundamental causes for Rome's final triumph over Carthage.In a polity(or state political institutions)and culture that primarily embodies national characteristics,the contestation was between Rome and Carthage as two distinct political entities or even societies,but the contest in strategy was that between Hannibal the individual and the Roman state dominated by the Senate.Rome won the contests in all three areas,of which only the strategic contest experienced a difficult,tortuous,and almost unpredictable struggle,with embedded strategic fundamentals.Fabius Maximus and Scipio the Younger were the supreme military commanders within the Roman ruling group who successively made the greatest strategic contributions,while Rome's superiorities in polity and culture provided the ultimate deciding conditions for her strategic superiority.In comparison,the Roman-Carthaginian cultural contest,as a rivalry of the national mentality and political culture,was the broadest and most profound.This was less so in the contest of polity,and still less in the contest of strategy.However,due to Hannibal's military ge～nius,chance in human affairs,which in most cases has a substantial influence,greatly favored Carthage rather than Rome during the War,highlighting a drama of opposition between contingency and “structural” inevitability in the human world.

关 键 词：第二次布匿战争 罗马 迦太基 战略 制度 文化 

分 类 号：K126[历史地理—历史学]