“有定居后”与现实性的无定NP主语句  

On ‘postposition of definite subject’ and the realistic sentence with indefinite NP as subject

作　　者：魏红[1] 储泽祥[2] 

机构地区：[1]云南师范大学国际语言文化学院,650092 [2]华中师范大学文学院,430079

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2007年第3期38-51,共14页Chinese Teaching in the World

摘　　要：汉语主语倾向于有定，无定主语的出现受到一定的限制，本文尝试对这一现象作出理论上的解释。考察的范围主要为现实性的无定NP主语句。我们认为，现实句有“有定性”的要求，为满足这一要求，“有定居首”成为汉语的首选的方式。主语无定时（有定未居首），汉语采用“有定居后”的方式，但是，要求谓语形式复杂、尽量细化。汉语现实性的无定NP主语句能引进话题，有后向求伴性倾向，适合于描述语境，常常充当小句，语义信息上不能自足。因此，判定无定主语句能不能成立，要考虑小句因素、语境因素。无定主语不是话题，用于图片说明时，有“对事不对人”的作用。In a Chinese sentence the subject tends to be definite and when it is indefinite,there are constraints on its occurrence.This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon in theory.Our investigation focuses mainly on the realistic sentence with indefinite NP as subject.It is our view that the realistic sentence should be definite and to obtain this,the mode of preposing the definite subject is preferable.When it is indefinite,the subject may be postponed on condition that the predicate should be complicated and as specific as possible.The realistic sentence with indefinite NP as subject has the function of introducing a topic,and should be followed by some specific information of the subject.Such a sentence,usually serving as a clause,is descriptive in nature and is not self-sufficient semantically.Therefore,to judge if a sentence with an indefinite subject is tenable,the factors of clause and context should be considered.However,in photo captions,sometimes the indefinite subject is not a topic where the subject refers to a matter rather than a person.

关 键 词：无定主语 现实性 非现实性 有定居后 小句 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]