论《间谍》的反讽及其道德批判  

The Use of Irony and Its Moral Criticism in The Secret Agent

作　　者：王松林[1] 葛春萍[2] 

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学 [2]浙江湖州师范学院外语学院

出　　处：《外国文学研究》2007年第4期129-139,共11页Foreign Literature Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"约瑟夫.康拉德研究"阶段研究成果(04BWW009)。

摘　　要：评论界倾向于认为康拉德的《间谍》是一部政治小说。本文认为,《间谍》并不是传统意义上的政治小说,而是一部以反讽的形式探讨政治背后的道德问题的小说。《间谍》采用了言语反讽和戏剧反讽两大反讽模式,在叙述者轻松滑稽的反讽语气及其设置的戏剧反讽场面中,突出了小说人物命运的悲剧性。《间谍》中的言语反讽及由此而生的喜剧效果主要是通过作者型叙述者在叙述过程中不断地暗中评介人物的行为来实现的。《间谍》中的作者型叙述者采用的言语反讽往往因反讽的对象不同流露出不同的反讽语气。康拉德在《间谍》中丰富了戏剧反讽的表达手法,他将戏剧反讽的喜剧和悲剧效果融合起来,以轻松、滑稽的笔调展示了生活沉重、阴暗的一面。此外,小说独特的叙事时空的错位和延宕所造成的张力强化了戏剧反讽的效果。《间谍》还从家庭伦理和政治伦理的角度对19世纪末20世纪初的英国社会道德堕落现象进行了深刻的批判。The Secret Agent is generally taken as a political novel in the Conradian circle. This paper argues that The Secret Agent is not a traditionally defined political novel. It is, instead, a novel of moral criticism behind the mask of politics in the form of irony. The Secret Agent employs two major ironies： verbal irony and dramatic irony. By telling the story in a comic and mockery tone and placing the characters in a situation full of dramatic irony, the narrator highlights the tragic fate of the major characters involved. The comic effects of verbal irony is achieved by the use of an authorial narrator, who is free to gain access to the process of narration, makes covert comments on the action of the characters and shows different ironic tones to different characters. Conrad also enriches the form of dramatic irony by integrating the comic effect with the tragic effect of dramatic irony, hence exposing the gloomy aspects of life in a light, comic way. Besides, the tension as a result of the temporal-spatial displacement and the delaying of narration enhances the effects of dramatic irony. The Secret Agent also aims at a severe criticism, from the perspectives of family ethics and political ethics, upon the moral degradation of England in the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century.

关 键 词：康拉德 《间谍》 反讽道德批判 

分 类 号：I561[文学—其他各国文学]