应用科学与应用科学革命  

Applied Science and the Revolution of Basic Science

作　　者：阎康年[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院自然科学史研究所,北京100010

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2007年第3期425-437,共13页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：中国科学院创新文化课题组基金;中国科学院自然科学史研究所课题资助项目

摘　　要：人们常说的"科学革命",实际上指的是"基础科学革命";应用科学对于科学、应用科学革命对于科学革命像是个婢女,处于从属的、被掩盖的和被漠视的地位;这实际上为近现代科学革命与技术革命和产业革命的脱节,以及为基础科学的大部分成果很难或几乎不可能转化为生产力,埋下了隐患。近现代科学、技术发展的重要成就排列表明,历次应用科学革命之后实际上都发生过应用科学的革命性发展,因而导致历次技术革命的发端,只是由于"婢女"被漠视,才使人感到科学与技术、科学革命与技术革命之间的关系好像断了线。文章根据搜集到的大量历史事实,加以排列,认为不论从历史事实还是科技成果转化的逻辑关系考虑,都应该将这个空缺补上。为此,提出了应用科学革命与基础科学革命的区别、应用科学革命的必要性、应用科学革命的范式结构和历史分期。从这个观点出发,可以看到:过去所谓的"科学革命"实际上是基础科学的发展和变革的产物;世界科学中心在国家间的转移经常是由应用科学的发展和变革引起的;所谓"大国崛起"不过是产业革命发展的阶段性变革的产物。The so-called ＂Scientific Revolution＂ means actually the revolution of basic science. Scientific revolution consists of revolutions of both basic science and applied science. Revolution of applied science is regarded generally as a servant-girl, so she was neglected and covered by the revolution of basic science, and some hidden troubles were laid between basic science and technology and between the revolution of basic science and that of technology. The achievements of basic science are difficult and even impossible to be transformed directly into technology, and the revolution of basic science was divorced from the revolution of technology. A series of historical achievements show that revolution of applied science always appeared after the emergence of every revolution of basic science, but it was included and even covered by the revolution of basic science. Once the blank in the chain of the revolutions of basic science,technology and industry is filled by the revolution of applied science, the chain from basic science to productive power will be joined. Differences between the revolution of basic science and that of applied science, and the necessity, paradigm and periodization of the revolution of applied science are introduced and analyzed as follows. According to the understandings mentioned below, the so-called scientific revolution in the past was inaugurated by the change of basic science, the transference of scientific center between two countries was due to great development of applied science, and the socalled ＂rise of strong country＂ always relied on the significant development and achievement of industry and economy, so all of them may be explained reasonably with the introduction of the concept of the revolution of applied science.

关 键 词：基础科学革命 应用科学革命 应用科学革命的范式 分期 

分 类 号：G301[文化科学]