施氮和不同栽培模式对半湿润农田生态系统冬小麦群体特征的影响  

Effect of nitrogen and planting modes on the colony characteristic of winter wheat in sub-humid farmland ecosystem

作　　者：赵琳[1] 吉春容[1] 李世清[1] 李生秀[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版）》2007年第12期143-148,共6页Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(30571116;30230230);西北农林科技大学创新团队基金

摘　　要：探讨了不同施氮水平及不同栽培模式下小麦群体特征的动态变化,旨在为黄土高原旱地农业的合理施肥与栽培奠定基础。在黄土高原南部年降水量632 mm左右的半湿润区,以小偃22为供试品种,研究不同施氮水平(设不施氮和每公顷施纯氮120 kg)及不同栽培模式(常规栽培、地膜覆盖、垄沟栽培和垄播覆膜栽培)对小麦群体特征的影响。结果表明,施氮和栽培模式主要通过影响群体分蘖、叶面积和地上部生物量而影响小麦群体结构。施氮能够明显增加小麦群体的分蘖数,而垄播覆膜栽培模式有利于增加小麦单株分蘖数。随小麦生育期的推进,叶面积指数(LAI)先增后减;施氮处理LAI比不施氮处理显著增加20%(P<0.01);垄播覆膜栽培模式下LAI明显高于其他栽培模式。从开花期到成熟期,小麦冠层透光率(DIFN)依次上升,施氮对DIFN的影响不明显;地膜栽培和垄播覆膜栽培模式下的DIFN与其他栽培模式间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);施氮与栽培模式对DIFN的交互作用达到极显著水平(P<0.01),以常规栽培、不施氮处理的DIFN最大。小麦地上部生物量在灌浆前持续增加,灌浆到收获期呈下降趋势;施氮能够极显著增加地上部生物量(P<0.01),不同栽培模式的小麦地上部生物量不同,覆膜处理明显高于不覆膜处理,垄播覆膜比地膜栽培更有利于增加小麦地上部生物量,进而提高小麦籽粒产量。综上认为,施氮有助于提高冬小麦叶面积指数等生理指标;就小麦群体特征而言,地膜覆盖和垄播覆膜栽培应为首选栽培模式。The study was conducted to investigate the dynamic changes of colony characteristic of win- ter wheat in different nitrogen fertilizations and planting modes and to give guidance for optimizing fertili- zation and planting strategies of dry-land farming on Loess Plateau. The field experiment was conducted in the south part of Loess Plateau with about 632 mm precipitation each year. Xiaoyan 22 was used as indica- ting crop to study the effect of nitrogenous fertilizations （no nitrogen application and nitrogen application 120 kg/hm2） and planting modes （check-C, plastic sheet-mulching-PSM, ridge-furrow tillage-RFT andplastic sheet-mulching on ridge-PSMR） on the colony characteristics of winter wheat. The main results showed that the effect of nitrogen fertilization and planting modes on colony structure was related to the effect of colony tiller, leaf area and dry matter above-ground. Nitrogen fertilization could increase colony tiller significantly,and PSMR was able to increase colony tiller per area. There was a remarkable difference of nitrogen fertilization on LAI （P〈0.01） ,and LAI of PSMR was higher than the other planting modes. DIFN increased from anthesis to maturity stage. There was a significant difference of DIFN between RFT PSMR and PSM ＆ C, and there was a significant interaction of DIFN between nitrogen and planting modes. Biomass above-ground all increased in the initial filling stage,and then decreased from filling stage to harvest stage. Biomass above-ground was different in different planting modes. Nitrogen fertilization could increase biomass above-ground significantly, and PSMR was more beneficial to increase biomass accu- mulation,so as to increase grain yield. It was beneficial to increase physiological function such as LAI with applying nitrogen. PSM and PSMR were the first planting modes according to the result of this research.

关 键 词：冬小麦 氮素 栽培模式 群体特征 

分 类 号：S512.110.44[农业科学—作物学] S512.110.62