清代州县官任职制度探析--附论中国传统政治中的地方行政首脑权力制约  

On Occupation System for Provincial and County Officials in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：魏光奇[1] 

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史系教授

出　　处：《江海学刊》2008年第1期161-167,共7页Jianghai Academic Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“清代州县行政和乡里制度研究”(项目号:02BZS006)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：清代对州县官的任职定有完备的制度。知州由现任官员升任、调任,知县则大部分由进士、举人、贡生、吏员和捐纳人员除授;通过划分题缺、调缺、选缺等实现吏部与各省督抚之间的权力划分;州县官出缺后,新官通过委代、委署和补授等三种方式继任,任职程序和资格均有定制。有清一代,督抚采取各种手段破坏定制,实际上主导了州县官的任用。通过清代州县官任职制度的运作可以看出,中国传统政治对于地方行政首脑的权力进行制约具有合理性,但由于缺乏合理的地方分权制度,这种制约难以奏效。There was a perfect system for the appointment of the provincial and county officials in Qing Dynasty.The current official could be promoted to or moved to the provincial governor,while the county governor was appointed most among the 'jinshi','juren',other officials and tax donators;by the way of suggesting vacancy,creation of vacancy by movement or vacancy selection,the power of right between the official department and the provincial viceroys could be divided;when there was vacancy for the provincial governor or county governor,the new official could succeed via agent,entrustment or substitution,following some procedures and qualification regulations.In Qing Dynasty,the viceroys often adopted various means to damage the regulations,and therefore actually dominated the appointment of provincial and county officials.The operation of the official appointment system in Qing Dynasty shows there is reasonability in that the traditional Chinese politics restrained the power of the local administrative headmen,yet this restraint could hardly work for lack of proper system for local power distribution.

关 键 词：清代 州县官任职制度 中国传统政治 地方行政首脑权力 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K249[政治法律—中外政治制度]