养分资源综合管理与中国粮食安全  

Integrated Soil Nutrients Management and China's Food Security

作　　者：王激清[1] 马文奇[2] 江荣风[1] 张福锁[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院 [2]河北农业大学资源与环境学院,保定071001

出　　处：《资源科学》2008年第3期415-422,共8页Resources Science

基　　金：农业部“948”项目土壤养分管理技术引进与建立(编号:2006-G60)

摘　　要：粮食安全压力是当前全世界特别是中国面临的主要问题,解决粮食安全压力的基础是提高粮食总产,粮食总产是由粮食作物播种面积和粮食单产共同决定的,而在中国由于耕地面积的限制,粮食总产的增加只能依靠单产的提高。化肥养分资源是粮食中的粮食,化肥在粮食单产增加中的贡献占到了50%,但是近年来由于地区间、农户地块间和氮磷钾养分间投入的不平衡,化肥养分的整体投入水平过高,以及忽视化肥养分以外土壤养分的变化、有机养分的补充和环境养分的贡献极大地限制了化肥养分增产效应的发挥,从上世纪80年代到现在粮食作物的单位面积化肥用量从64.9 kg/hm2增加到274 kg/hm2,而化肥偏生产力(作物籽粒产量与单位面积化肥投入量的比值)从42.1 kg/kg逐渐下降到16.9 kg/kg。加强国家层次的养分资源宏观管理,重视养分资源综合管理技术的研究与应用,切实抓好养分资源综合管理技术推广和农化服务工作,通过政府、企业、科研机构和农户的密切配合,养分资源综合管理成为实现中国粮食安全的根本途径。The perspective of the world food production, especially problems of food production facing China has gradually become the focus of widespread concerns. Food production is dependent on cropping land area and the yield per unit land. However, it is unpractical for China to increase cropping land area because of the decreased arable land and increased population. Therefore, the major way of resolving the problems of food production facing China is to increase the yield per unit land. Fertilizer application is one of the effective ways to increase the yield per unit land, but there is no synchrony between fertilizer application and food production. Fertilizer consumption increased from 2 600 × 10^4 tons in 1990 to 4 700 × 10^4 tons in 2005, while the yields per unit land increased from 4 tons per hectare in 1990 to 4.6 tons per hectare. The effect of fertilizer application on yield growth decreased gradually. The rate of fertilizer application increased from 64.9 kg/hm^2 in 1980 to 274 kg/hm^2 in 2005, while partial factor productivity （PFP） decreased from 42.1 kg/kg in 1980 to 16.9 kg/kg in 2005. Reasons for this phenomenon can be explained in following three aspects： 1） Unbalanced application of fertilizers in terms of N, P and K by different farmers and in different regions; 2 ） Over application of fertilizers in rice, wheat and maize production. Mean application rate of fertilizer N is 205 kg/hm^2, and 84 kg/hm^2 for P, which are greatly higher than the rational rates; 3） Contributions from other soil nutrients, organic fertilizers were ignored. In this paper, the strategies for integrated soil nutrients management were put forward, which are improvement of traditional fertilizing techniques, and seeking high yield base on the diversity of soil, fertilizer and environmental inputs, practicing integrated soil nutrients management in small scaled household, and solving contradictions of nutrients input, crop production and environmental risk. In addition, the governments, enterprises, research instit

关 键 词：粮食产量 化肥 增产效应 养分资源综合管理 

分 类 号：F326.1[经济管理—产业经济]