关于“施事”  

An Argument on Agent

作　　者：范晓[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学中文系,上海200433

出　　处：《汉语学习》2008年第2期3-14,共12页Chinese Language Learning

摘　　要：施事是动作动词组成的动核结构里动核所联系的主体(主事动元),它一般和表动作的动词联系在一起,非动作动词在一定条件下也可以联系施事;充当施事的主要是名词,但不同的名词充当施事的能力不一样,名词充当施事能力的强弱等级是:人类名词>动物名词>植物名词>无生名词(包括事物名词、事件名词、抽象名词等);非名词性词语在一定条件下也能充当施事。典型施事的语义特征主要是:能动性,主体性,可欲性,有生性和影响性。辨认施事可以借助于形式:在动作动词组成的最小的主谓短语中动词前作主语的那个词语可判定为施事,"被"字句、"把"字句、"来/去+V"句、"使令"句等也可以帮助辨认施事。This paper argues that agent acts as a principal element（subject argument） when an action verb forms its verb-centered construction. Agent usually goes together with action verb, but under certain conditions, it can also go together with non-action verb. Nouns can act as agents, but different nouns have different abilities of being agents. The ability sequence from the strongest to the weakest is： human nouns〉animal nouns〉botanic nouns〉 azoic nouns （including object nouns, event nouns, abstract nouns, etc. ）. Under certain conditions, non-nominal words can also act as agents. A typical agent has such semantic features as dynamic, principal, desirous, creatural and influential. Agent has its syntactical forms： the subject before the action verb in a shortest subject-predicate phrase can be judged as agent; and the agent can be easily recognized in a sentence with ＂bei＂（被） or ＂ba＂（把）, or in the construction of ＂lai/qu （来/去） ＋V＂ .

关 键 词：施事 动作动词 动核结构 主事动元 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]