马克思破译人学“斯芬克司之谜”的历程与方法  

Karl Marx's route and method in answering Core Questions of Hominology

作　　者：陈曙光[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学政治与公共管理学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《中南大学学报（社会科学版）》2008年第2期176-182,共7页Journal of Central South University：Social Sciences

基　　金：湖南社科规划课题"马克思的人学革命与以人为本"资助项目(0602018C)

摘　　要："人是什么"的问题,即人的本质问题,是人学史上弥久而时新的"斯芬克司之谜"。马克思在破解这一千古之谜时,认识是不能深入的。最先提出"理性、自我意识是人的本质";接着又认为"人是人的最高本质",最后才得出"人的类特性是自由自觉的活动""人的本质是一切社会关系的总和"、"人的需要即人的本质"等科学命题。马克思能破译这一千古之谜,关键在于实现了一场方法论革命,即从唯心史观为基础的方法转变到历史唯物主义方法。这主要体现在:从感性存在转变到感性活动;从既定本质上升到生成本质;从单一本质过渡到多重本质;从纯粹理想回归到现实生活;从自我确证跨越到对象互释。Karl Marx is the first person raising five relative conclusions when exploring Human＇s Riddle, of which self-conciousness, thoughtfulness are the essence of human being and ＂Human is the higher essence of human being＂; ＂The characteristic of human being is the self-concious activity＂; ＂The essence of human being is the summary of his social relationships＂; and ＂What man needs is his essence＂. The contribution of Karl Marx for the solution to the riddle lies in the revolutionary breakthrough in methodology-from historical idealism to historical materialism.

关 键 词：马克思 人学 人的本质 唯物史观 唯心史观 

分 类 号：B089.3[哲学宗教—哲学理论]