结构性环境问题--我国环境评价遭遇的“结构”困境  

Structural environmental problems:Structural dilemma of environmental assessment in China

作　　者：侯小阁[1,2] 栾胜基[1,2] 艾东[3] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学环境科学与工程学院,北京100871 [2]北京大学深圳研究生院//城市人居环境科学与技术重点实验室,广东深圳518055 [3]中国农业大学资源与环境学院土地资源管理系,北京100094

出　　处：《生态环境》2008年第2期879-884,共6页Ecology and Environmnet

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(40471052)

摘　　要：近年来"结构性环境问题"在我国频发,尤其是结合项目环境影响评价(EIA)制度而突出表现为一种困境——"符合环保先进标准的高环境风险项目"。当前学界对于环境问题的认识逐渐从物理层面转向社会层面,然而,对环境评价的研究还停留在基于环境要素功能特征的方法改进和制度完善,当前的结构性环境问题反映出的环境资源在不同利益群体间的不合理性分配还没有被充分认识到。由此,文章借助析出的环境问题两个主要影响变量:环境资源的稀缺性和配置结构的合理性,对"结构性环境问题"的产生过程和特征进行了分析。进而,文章借助系统论的功能-结构理论,结合厦门PX项目事件,认为现有环境评价主要定位于"功能性"特征,还不能针对性地把握结构性环境问题,由此面临结构性困境。为了避免这种困境,有必要进一步展开针对结构性环境问题的环境影响评价方法和制度研究,而且环境影响评价的"结构性"转化也具备着基础理论的支持。In recent years, structural environmental problems happened frequently in China, especially presented as an environmental assessment （EA） dilemma projects following strict standards caused high environmental risks. Scientists have focused environmental problems more on social levels rather than physical levels. However, studies on EA still emphasized methods and institutions based on functional characteristics of environmental elements. It is ignored that structural environmental problems reflected file unreasonableness which environmental resource was distributed among different stakeholders. There are two main variables causing environmental problems： scarcity of environmental resource and rationality of distribution structure. Characteristics of structural environmental problems were discussed in this paper. Based on function-structure theory of systematology, the case of Xiamen PX project event was analyzed. We got the conclusion that current EA system makes targets of functional characteristics of environmental elements, and cannot assess structural environmental problems effectively. To resolve EA＇s structural dilemma, it is necessary that research on methods and institutions of EA focused on structural environmental problems should be carried on.

关 键 词：结构性环境问题 环境评价 环境资源 功能 结构 

分 类 号：X3[环境科学与工程—环境工程]