华北平原水氮优化条件下不同种植制度产量、水氮利用及经济效益分析  

Analysis of different cropping systems using optimizing water-nitrogen management on yield,water and nitrogen utilization and economic benefits

作　　者：刘明[1] 陶洪斌[1] 王璞[1] 吕丽华[1] 张雅杰[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院/农业部作物栽培与耕作学重点实验室,北京100193

出　　处：《中国农业大学学报》2008年第4期12-18,共7页Journal of China Agricultural University

基　　金：中德合作项目(DGF-International Research Training Program);国家自然科学基金资助项目(30571089);国家科技支撑计划(2006BAD17B05);国家"863"计划项目(2006AA10020)

摘　　要：为解决华北平原当前冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制水资源供求不平衡和氮肥残留过高而导致的环境问题,在华北平原黑龙港流域中部中国农业大学吴桥试验站设置了水氮优化措施下3种种植制度:冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制、冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米两年三熟制和春玉米一年一熟制轮作体系,2年的大田对比试验,以在同一水氮供应标准下对不同种植制度的产量和水氮效应进行定量化分析和评估。结果表明:一年两熟制有较高的物质生产能力,2年总产量为28 783 kg/hm2,水分利用效率和经济效益最高,但耗水量过大,仍有27.1%的耗水需由地下水补充,氮肥利用效率仅为78 kg/(kg/hm2),显著低于其他2种种植制度;一年一熟制减少了总耗水量,生育期内降雨满足可满足总耗水量的89.2%,但2年总产量仅为15 775 kg/hm2,总耗水量、水分利用效率和纯收入较一年两熟制分别减少27.3%、30.7%和57.2%,氮肥利用效率提高98.7%;两年三熟制产量为22 130 kg/hm2,生育期内降雨量可满足总耗水量的80.4%,总耗水量、水分利用效率和纯收入较一年两熟制分别减少12.0%、15.8%和21.9%,氮肥利用效率提高32.1%,能够兼顾粮食安全和环境效应,相对而言是较为理想的种植制度选择。本试验中硝态氮残留量受气候条件影响较为显著。春玉米的高产栽培条件有待进一步研究。To resolve water resource unbalance and environment pollution by high soil nitrate accumulation in North China Plain, field experiments with three cropping systems were made in Wuqiao Experiment Station of CAU. The purpose was to compare the differences of three cropping systems of winter wheat-summer maize （2H1Y）, two harvests in one year, winter wheat summer maize and spring maize （3H2Y）, three harvests in two years, and spring maize （1H1Y） of one year in grain production, water and nitrogen utilization and economic benefits. Total Yield of 2H1Y was 28 783 kg/ hm^2 , which was significant higher than three harvests in two year. Either water utilization efficiency or economic benefits was higher than those of 3H2Y and 1H1Y as well. But natural precipitation met 72.9% of the demand of total water consumption. And nitrogen fertilization quantity was 78 kg/（kg/hm^2）, significant lower than the other two cropping systems. The precipitation could meet 89.2% of the requ;red water of crop in 1H1Y although total yield was only 15 775 kg/hm^2. Water consumption, water utilization efficiency and net margin decreased by 27.3%, 30.7% and 57.2% respectively, comparing with 2H1Y. However, nitrogen fertilization use efficiency increased by 98, 7%. The total yield of 3H2Y was 22 130 kg/hm^2 , Precipitation could meet 80.4% of water demand of the crops. Water consumption, water utilization efficiency and net margin were 23. 1%, 12.0%, 15.8% and 21.9% lower than those of 2H1Y. But nitrogen fertilization use efficiency increased by 32. 1%. It is thus demonstrated that 3H2Y is a good cropping system in North China Plain.

关 键 词：种植制度 水分平衡 水分利用效率 氮肥利用效率 土壤硝态氮残留 经济效益 

分 类 号：S510.47[农业科学—作物学]