北京和上海市居民冬夏两季饮用水消费习惯(英文)  

Water Consumption Habit in General Population of Shanghai and Beijing,China

作　　者：徐鹏[1,2] 黄圣彪[1] 王子健[1] LAGO SGustavo 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境水质学国家重点实验室,北京100085 [2]北京林业大学理学院化学系,北京100083 [3]Faculty of Engineering, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

出　　处：《生态毒理学报》2008年第3期224-230,共7页Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology

基　　金：Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 8061004);International Copper Association (No. H-AS-02-02)

摘　　要：饮用水是人体暴露于有毒物质的重要暴露源,为了定量描述饮用水中污染物对暴露人群所造成的危害,世界各国的科学家们对饮用水的健康风险评价做了大量的研究.通常,健康风险评价需要污染物毒理学数据和暴露人群的暴露剂量数据.目前,针对很多的有毒污染物,国际上已经建立了应用于健康风险评价的毒理学数据库,同时积累了大量可用的有效数据.而对于暴露人群的暴露剂量数据,则是健康风险评价所要研究的重点.正确估计暴露人群的暴露剂量需要消费者提供大量的消费信息.例如,暴露人群每天消费的饮用水水量.美国环保局(EPA)认为成人每天消耗的饮用水水量为2L·d-1,此外,饮用水的消耗量会随着暴露人群的身体活动状况和所处环境状况(温度,湿度等)的改变而改变.目前,许多研究都是关于饮用水消费信息的,总体来讲这些研究结果基本上与美国环保局所采用的饮水消耗数据相一致.需要说明的是中国居民有完全不同于西方人的饮用水消费方式,如果在进行中国居民饮用水健康风险评价过程中应用美国环保局的假设会带来较大的不确定性.饮用水健康风险评价工作在我国开展并不多,尤其缺少中国居民饮用水消费习惯的数据库.这些客观条件使得在我国进行饮用水健康风险评价时只能从基础做起,积累有效的数据.本研究以北京和上海两座城市居民为研究对象,2002年到2004年分冬夏两季分别进行了4次饮用水消费习惯调查.研究采用随机入户方式(2004年至2005年),与中央电视台-索福瑞联合调查有限公司合作进行.参加调查的家庭从中央电视台入户收视率调查的基础数据库中随机抽取,在抽取过程中兼顾了不同城区、年龄结构、知识结构、收入水平等因素.研究表明,北京和上海居民冬夏两季的日均饮水量分别为2.2L·d-1、1.7L·d-1、2.0L·d-1和1.8L·d-1,这一结果和�Water consumption habit surveys were seldom performed in recent years. All around the world few databases are available for water consumption. The aim of present study is to carry out a study to assess water consumption habits of the population of Shanghai and Beijing, China. From 2002 to 2004, four studies on water consumption habits were carried out in Shanghai and Beijing, China in summer and winter. The mean consumption of water in the summer was estimated to be 2.0L·d^-1 in Shanghai and 1.7L·d^-1 in Beijing, and in the winter they were estimated to be 1.8L·d^-1 in Shanghai and 2.2L·d^-1 in Beijing. Significant differences in amounts of water consumed according to age were found in the summer survey of Shanghai and in the winter survey of Beijing. Association between the total amount of water consumed and gender was found, and the difference was more significant in the summer and winter surveys of Shanghai. The effect of occupation, season and region was also evaluated in this study. Consumption of drinking water via liquid was assessed as well as the type of water consumed （tap water, boiled tap water or barreled water）. Our results showed that boiled tap water and barreled water were main components of water consumption. Few people （0.6% in summer and 1.2% in winter in Shanghai vs. 10.7% in summer and 5.7% in winter in Beijing） directly drink tap water. In China, milk and soybean milk have become an important component of water consumption. There is non-significant difference in water consumption according to age and gender.

关 键 词：饮用水消费习惯 调查 风险评价 煮沸自来水 自来水 桶装纯净水 

分 类 号：X52[环境科学与工程—环境工程]