青海省农村牧区饮用水卫生现状调查  

Investigation of Drinking Water Quality in Pastoral Areas in Qinghai Province

作　　者：姬红蓉 刘文华[1] 李令暹[1] 郭学斌[1] 符春晓 张淑娟[1] 郭晚花 曹玉洁[1] 

机构地区：[1]青海省疾病预防控制中心职业卫生与公共卫生所,青海西宁810007

出　　处：《环境与健康杂志》2008年第7期616-619,共4页Journal of Environment and Health

摘　　要：目的了解青海省农村牧区水源类型、取水方式、饮用水卫生现状,为制定饮用水卫生安全发展规划提供科学依据。方法于2006年丰水期,采用《农村牧区饮用水调查表》对监测点进行调查,内容包括一般情况、水源类型、供水方式、覆盖人口。按照《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》(2001)对水样进行采集、保存,按照《生活饮用水标准检验法》(2001)进行检验,检验结果按照《农村实施"生活饮用水卫生标准"准则》进行评价。结果共调查11个县,农村牧区人口1741231人,占全省人口的32.3%。集中式供水覆盖人口1013283人,占58.19%;分散式供水覆盖人口727948人,占41.81%。以地面水为饮用水源的人口411119人,占23.6%,其中,以饮用江河水人口所占比例最高[53.6%(220252/411119)],饮用湖泊水人口所占比例最低[0.2%(837/411119)]。以地下水为饮用水源的人口1330112人,占76.4%,其中,以饮用泉水人口所占比例最高[83.2%(1107048/1330112)],以饮用深井水人口所占比例最低[4.6%(60598/1330112)]。集中式供水水厂638个,其中,水源水经完全处理的自来水厂11个,仅占1.7%,饮用人口94417人,仅占9.3%。分散式供水取水方式中,人力取水、手压泵、机器取水覆盖人口分别为616135、71628、40185人,占84.7%,9.8%,5.5%。共采集水样113件,合格51件,合格率为45.1%。地面水水样合格率[25.9%(7/27)]低于地下水水样[51.2%(44/86)],集中式供水水样合格率[56.8%(46/81)]高于分散式供水[15.6%(5/32)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。在检测的14项指标中,色度、pH值、锰、砷、硝酸盐氮均达到Ⅰ级标准;总大肠菌群合格率为48.6%,浑浊度、总硬度、铁、氟化物、硫酸盐、氯化物、细菌总数、耗氧量合格率均在95%以上。结论青海省农村牧区饮用水以微生物污染为主,取水方式落后。Objective To understand the water source type,the water supply way and drinking water quality in the pastoral areas in Qinghai Province. Methods One hundred and thirteen water samples in 11 counties were collected in the rainy season in 2006 and the water samples were tested according to the methods in Analytical Methods for Water and Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water Quality （2001）,Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water Quality（2001）. Results 1 741 231 population were investigated,the population consuming centralized water supply and dispersed water supply were 1 013 283（58.19%） and 727 948（41.8%） respectively. The population of drinking underground water occupied 76.4%,of which,drinking spring water occupied 83.2% and drinking well water occupied 4.6%. The population of drinking ground water occupied 23.6%,of which,drinking river water occupied 53.6%,drinking lake water occupied 0.2%. There were 638 centralized water supply plants,of which,only 11 water plants had complete water treatment. The dispersed water supply was consisted of manpower（84.7%）,handpump（9.8%） and machine（5.5%）. 51 of 113 water samples were up to standard,the overall eligible rate was 45.1%,of which the eligible rate of ground water was 25.9%,underground water was 51.2%,centralized water supply was 56.8%,dispersed water supply was 15.6%,showed the significant difference（P〈0.05）.In the present investigation,14 water quality parameters were tested and the eligible rate of chromaticity,pH,arsenic,manganese,nitrate,nitrogen were 100%,turbidity,total hardness,iron,fluoride,chloride,sulfate,total bacteria count oxygen consumption capacity were above 95%,and total coliforms were 48.6%. Conclusion In the pastoral areas in Qinghai Province the water quality is bad,water sources are seriously contaminated by microorganisms,moreover,the water supply way is undeveloped. Water disinfection should be enhanced in the areas.

关 键 词：水 农村 牧区 卫生调查 

分 类 号：R123.9[医药卫生—环境卫生学]