氮磷配施对旱地春小麦水分利用效率及水肥交互作用的影响  

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus rate on use efficiency of soil water and interaction of water and fertilizer in dryland spring wheat

作　　者：杨文[1] 周涛[2] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学经济管理学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]宁夏农林科学院农业资源与环境研究所,宁夏银川750002

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2008年第5期10-16,共7页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：国家"十一五"科技支撑项目(2006BAD05B07)

摘　　要：通过盆栽和多年田间定位试验,系统研究了旱地春小麦水肥交互效应和氮磷配施对土壤水分有效利用、作物蒸腾和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,盆栽试验中水肥交互作用增产效果明显,水、肥利用效率分别提高124%和28.6%。在本试验水平下,水肥单位用量的产量互补效益为471.5∶7.0,即水肥主次效应的转换阈值为17.4%。当水分含量为19.7%,总施肥量为247.4 kg/hm^2时（N∶P2O5=1∶0.75）,最高收入达4 970.0元/hm^2。小麦收获时,施肥使0-200 cm土层有效水分利用率从44.9%提高到54.2%。N60P45、N120P90和N180P135处理较对照,蒸腾分别增加22.7、38.0和47.8 mm,蒸散比值分别提高0.04、0.07和0.08,较对照籽粒蒸腾效率分别提高0.08、0.24和0.14 g/kg。氮磷配施提高了土壤有效水分的利用、作物的蒸腾效率和水分利用效率,提高作物的经济产量。因此,合理施肥是提高作物水分利用效率和农业生产水平的重要措施。Based on a long-term experiment and a pot experiment,the interaction effect of water and fertilizer and effect of nitrogen and phosphorus rate on change of soil water,valid water utilization,water consumption and saving,evaporation and water use efficiency were studied in dryland spring wheat.The results indicated that interaction of water and fertilizer on yield increasing was significant in pot experiment,and the use efficiency of fertilizer and soil water was increased by 28.6% and 124%,respectively.Yield compensation benefit of soil water and fertilizer utilization per unit was 471.5∶7.0,that is to say,the change limit of soil water and fertilizer for main effect was 17.4%.The maximum income was 4 970.0 yuan/hm^2 with a fertilization rate of 247.4 kg/hm^2（N∶P2O5=1∶0.75） and soil water of 19.7%.Nitrogen and phosphorus rate increased soil valid water utilization of 0～200 cm soil depth from 44.9% to 54.2% after spring wheat was harvested.Compared to CK,the evaporation of treatment N60P45、N120P90 and N180P135 was increased by 22.7, 38.0 and 47.8 mm,the ratio of transpiration and evaporation increased by 0.04,0.07 and 0.08,respectively.And the efficiency of grain transpiration increased by 0.08,0.24 and 0.14 g/kg compared to CK,respectively.Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization together could raise soil valid water utilization rate,evaporation rate and water use efficiency of spring wheat,and improve the grain yield of crops.Therefore,rational nitrogen and phosphorus rate in the field is an important way to raise water use efficiency of crop and hence agriculture production.

关 键 词：氮磷配施 旱地 春小麦 水分利用效率 水肥交互作用 

分 类 号：S512.12[农业科学—作物学]