食蚊鱼(Gambusia spp.)入侵生态学研究进展  

Recent progress in the invasion ecology of mosquito fish(Gambusia spp.)

作　　者：陈国柱[1] 林小涛[1] 陈佩[1] 

机构地区：[1]暨南大学水生生物研究所,水体富营养化与赤潮防治广东省教育厅重点实验室,广州510632

出　　处：《生态学报》2008年第9期4476-4485,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：广州市农业科技资助项目(2008E08)~~

摘　　要：食蚊鱼(Gambusia spp.)是原产于北美洲的著名入侵物种,它对蚊类幼虫具有很强的捕食压力,被作为疟疾防治生物工具而在全世界温带和热带地区扩散。近20多年来的研究认为,食蚊鱼通过食物竞争和捕食等机制威胁引入地的无脊椎动物、鱼类、两栖类的生存,显著影响引入地的生物多样性。它们具有广泛的生境适应性、生长迅速、卵胎生、高生殖率、对生殖生态条件无特殊要求等特点。另外,它们的个体野外寿命不超过2 a,种群更新速度快,种群内形成春季和夏季两个繁殖群体,并具有不同的繁殖生物学特点,因而形成复杂的世代结构。遗传上,雌鱼具有混交及能长期贮存精子的特点,能快速建立种群并克服奠基效应。这些种群通过快速适应性进化而形成一定规模的地理群体。当前,由于食蚊鱼在预防疟疾的工作中仍具有不可替代的作用,它会借助于人力的作用而继续扩散。为减轻它对非目标地区和非目标生物的影响,应进一步深入开展其入侵生态学研究。Mosquito fish（ Gambusia spp. ） were native to North America and had been regarded as evil invasion species For the great predation pressure on mosquito larvae, they were introduced into temperate and tropic area to control mosquito population in wild since early 20＇~ centuries. The intensive investigations indicated that mosquito fish invasion had great threat on the survival of native invertebrate, fish and amphibian in field through predation and competition, thus having great risk on native aquatic ecosystem. Mosquito fish had large habitat niches, rapid growth rate, ovoviviparity, high reproduction rate and large adaptation reproduction conditions. In wild, their population sizes increased rapidly, and the individual span were no more than 2 years. In reproduction season, the population formed spring and summer reproduction groups, and they had different reproduction strategy, resulting in complex population structure. In addition, the female had the ability to store sperms from different males for a long time and use these sperms to release several broods in a reproduction season. Such broods had relative high inheritance diversity. By this way, the introduced population could easily to pass through bottle neck to exhibit rapid evolution and form different geo-population. For the sake of mosquito control, mosquito fish dispersal will be continued in the future, and the ecological invasion risk of such fish needs further study.

关 键 词：食蚊鱼(Gambusia spp.) 基础生物学 生态入侵机制 捕食 种间竞争 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]