极地维管植物研究进展  

THE PROGRESS ON POLAR VASCULAR PLANTS

作　　者：王雪英[1] 赵琦[1] 焦雨歆[1] 

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学生命科学学院,北京100048

出　　处：《极地研究》2008年第3期258-264,共7页Chinese Journal of Polar Research

基　　金：北京市纳米光电子重点实验室项目资助

摘　　要：极地维管植物因其所处环境的特殊性而备受关注。本文综述了极地维管植物在结构、生理、遗传和起源方面的研究进展,从而了解其对环境的适应机制,以及遗传多样性的特点、拓殖和起源方式。由叶片超微结构显示出叶绿体突起、叶绿体与线粒体的紧密相连等结构特点与植物适应极地环境有关。低温和长日照下糖类和蛋白质积累、酶活性的保持或提高、与胁迫相关基因的表达保证了植物在严酷环境下的生存。次生代谢物质含量随紫外线和光强度而变化,从而保护植物免受强辐射的伤害。极地地理和气候环境影响了植物遗传多样性和拓殖方式。南极植物(发草)群体的遗传多样性低,基因流动主要发生在邻近群体之间,其拓殖方式符合步石模型。北极植物则存在着长距离拓殖。多领域的研究观点表明,维管植物最有可能通过鸟类的帮助而迁入南极。Polar vascular plants have attracted attentions clue to the special environment where they grow. Here we review the progress on structure, physiology, genetics and origin of polar vascular plants in recent years. These researches gave the knowledge of polar vascular plants including the adaptation mechanism, the feature of genetic diversity, and the patterns of colonization and origin. The ultrastrnctural features of leaves such as the protrusion of chloroplast and the close special contact of chloroplast and mitochondria were considered in relation to the adaptations of the plants to the conditions in the polar region. The accumulations of carbohydrate, proteins, the regulation of enzymes, and the express of genes stimulated by stress under low temperature and long day permitted the plants to survive in the harsh polar condition. The secondary metabolites contents changed with the intensity of ultraviolet radiation and light, which protected the plants from strong radiation. The genetic diversity and colonization patterns of vascular plants were affected by the geographical and climatic environment of the polar. The populations of Deschampsia antarctica showed low genetic diversity, and low level of gene flow occurred between neighboring populations. The colonization pattern of D. antarctica accorded with stepping-stone model, while the arctic plants had the long-distance colonization. The viewpoints from several fields of science indicated that the vascular plants were most probably migrated to Antarctica through bird aid.

关 键 词：极地 结构 起源 生物化学成分 适应性 维管植物 遗传多样性 

分 类 号：Q94-1[生物学—植物学]