葛兰西是“西方马克思主义者”吗?  

Is Gramsci a "Western Marxist"

作　　者：田时纲[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院哲学所,北京100732

出　　处：《教学与研究》2008年第11期33-43,共11页Teaching and Research

摘　　要：意大利和西方主流学界从不承认葛兰西是"西方马克思主义者";相反,高度评价他是国际共产主义运动著名活动家,又是20世纪最富独创性的马克思主义理论家之一。葛兰西同所谓"西马"创始人柯尔施、卢卡奇在政治立场(如对列宁主义和共产国际的态度)和理论倾向(如对黑格尔唯心主义的态度)上泾渭分明、针锋相对。十月革命和列宁主义对葛兰西的实践和理论产生决定性影响。安德森和科莱蒂把葛兰西说成"西马"出于其政治需要:否定传统马克思主义,反对列宁主义。"西马"非"马"是个筐,萝卜、白菜一块儿装;"思潮"凝聚左、中、右,真、非、反"马"大合唱——"西马"不是严格意义上的学术概念。国内个别学者认为葛兰西是"西马",除受安德森、科莱蒂影响外,主要是研究对象的复杂、研究材料的匮乏和研究方法论的缺陷所致。Italy and the western mainstream academic circle had never acknowledged Gramsci as a ＂western Marxist＂. Instead, they highly appraised him as a well-known activist in the international communist movement, and among the most creative Marxist theorists in the 20th century. Gramsci held different political views with Korsch and Lukacs, founders of the so-called western Marxism, such as his attitude towards Leninism and communist international. He also maintained conflicting theories with Korsch and Lukacs, such as his attitude towards Hegel＇s idealism. The October.Revolution and Leninism exerted decisive influence on Gramsci＇s practice and theory. The author points out that Perry Anderson and Colletti＇s claim about Gramsci being a western Marxist had been out of their political needs, that is, to deny the traditional Marxism and to reject Leninism. Western Marxism, in fact, is not Marxism at all. It is a mixture of ideas from the left, the middle and the right, the true Marxists, non-Marxists and anti-Marxist ones. Strictly speaking, western Marxism is not an academic concept. That some Chinese scholars consider Gramsci a western Marxist is because they have been influenced by Anderson and Colletti. Besides, the complexity of the research subjects, lack of data and limitation in their research methods also account for their view.

关 键 词：葛兰西 马克思主义 “西方马克思主义” 柯尔施 卢卡奇 克罗齐 佩里·安德森 

分 类 号：B089.1[哲学宗教—哲学理论]