我国农村饮用水水质现状  

Current Situation Analysis on China Rural Drinking Water Quality

作　　者：张荣[1] 李洪兴[1] 武先锋[1] 樊福成[1] 孙伯寅[1] 王展社[1] 张琦[1] 陶勇[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心,北京102200

出　　处：《环境与健康杂志》2009年第1期3-5,共3页Journal of Environment and Health

基　　金：卫生部疾病预防控制局(全国爱国卫生办公室);中国疾病预防控制中心资助项目

摘　　要：目的了解全国农村饮用水的卫生状况,并为改善农村饮用水状况和制定我国农村疾病预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法于2006年在全国31个省、自治区、直辖市和新疆生产建设兵团开展调查,以涉及农村的县、区的总数为调查总体。按照国家统一方案的要求确定调查县,依照按比例分层随机的方式选择水质调查点,不同类型的水样采集数量根据供水方式的饮用人口比例确定;以省为单位,所选择的调查点覆盖全部的水源类型和供水方式;每个县不少于10个调查点。按照GB5750—1985《生活饮用水标准检验法》进行水样的采集和检测,检测指标包括色度、浑浊度、pH值、总硬度、铁、锰、砷、氟化物、硝酸盐氮、氯化物、硫酸盐、耗氧量、总大肠菌群、细菌总数等。按照《农村实施〈生活饮用水卫生标准〉准则》(1991)规定的饮用水水质分级要求进行评价。结果我国农村生活饮用水的水源主要以地下水为主,饮用地下水的人口占74.87%,饮用地面水的人口占25.13%;饮用集中式供水的人口占55.10%,饮用分散式供水的占44.90%。以《农村实施(生活饮用水卫生标准)规则》作为评价标准,这次调查水样中未达到基本卫生安全的超三级水是44.36%;地面水超三级水为40.44%,地下水超三级水为45.94%;集中式供水超三级水为40.83%(其中,近3年中央投资建设水厂超三级水为38.99%),分散式供水超三级水为47.73%。在各项检测指标中,细菌总数和总大肠菌群超三级的构成比最高。仅有5.11%的家庭对饮用水进行处理;在饮水习惯上,有85.23%的家庭饮用开水。结论我国农村生活饮用水的水质仍亟需改善。Objective To get a better understanding of the current situation of rural drinking water quality in China and to provide scientific evidence for improving rural drinking water supply. Methods The survey was conducted in 2006 in 31 provinces, and the survey population involved all counties where the rural a^as were concerned. The survey counties were identified in line with the requirements of the nationwide unified plan, and the water quality survey points were randomly selected according to stratification in proportion, the numbers of different water samples were determined according to the population of users with different types of water supply modes. Taking each province as a whole,the survey points must cover water sources of all types and all water supply modes; no less than 10 survey points were requested in each county. Water samples were analyzed according to the Standard Determination Methods for Drinking Water Quality （GB 5750-1985）. Assessment was made in line witb the water quality classification requirements in the Guidelines on the Implementation of Sanitary. Standards for Drinking Water Quality in Rural China （1991）. Results The water source of rural drinking water was mainly underground water, with 74.87% of rural population using underground water source, and 25.13% using surface water; 55.10% of rural population used water from centralized water supply systems. The total eligible rate of water quality was about 55.64%, as for surface and underground water, the rates were about 59.56% and 54.06% respectively, as for central water and non-central water, the rates were about 59.17% and 52.27%. The total count of bacteria and total coliform were the main non-eligible indexes. Only 5.11% of investigated houses conducted water treatment, but 85.23% of households drank the boiled water. Conclusion The drinking water quality in the rural areas in China is still at lower level, the improvement is desiderated.

关 键 词：农村 饮用水 卫生调查 

分 类 号：R123.9[医药卫生—环境卫生学]