蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜的食物重叠  

Dietary overlap among kulan Equus hemionus,goitered gazelle Gazella subgutturosa and livestock

作　　者：初红军[1,2,3] 蒋志刚[4] 兰文旭 王臣 陶永善 蒋峰 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,西宁81000 [2]中国科学院研究生院,北京100049 [3]新疆阿勒泰地区野生动植物保护办公室,阿勒泰市836500 [4]中国科学院动物研究所,北京100101 [5]新疆普氏野马繁殖研究中心,乌鲁木齐830000 [6]新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区阿勒泰管理站,阿勒泰市836500

出　　处：《动物学报》2008年第6期941-954,共14页ACTA ZOOLOGICA SINICA

基　　金：新疆自治区科技攻关和重点科技项目"中国阿尔泰山及其南部荒漠有蹄类多样性现状与保护研究"(200433116);科技部科技支撑项目(2007CB106801);国家林业局野生动植物保护司及阿勒泰地区科技局经费资助~~

摘　　要：采用粪样显微分析技术研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区及周边区域蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚及家羊、家马和家骆驼3种家养有蹄类春季、秋季和冬季食性组成及食物生态位。结果发现:(1)蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜主要采食针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭,但是,它们采食的植物科数和种数都不相同,各植物种类在食谱中所占的比例不同;(2)各个季节有蹄类动物两两之间的食物生态位重叠均在0.8以上,最低为0.832(冬季鹅喉羚和家马),最高达到0.986(秋季蒙古野驴和家羊;秋季家马和家羊),五种有蹄类之间的食物生态位重叠度也达到了0.3以上。表明在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区,上述野生动物及季节性进入该自然保护区的家畜之间均存在食物竞争;冬季积雪深,食物短缺,荒漠有蹄类易因冻饿及疾病等造成死亡。因此,应采取限制秋冬季进入该自然保护区,家畜数量及调整放牧区域等保护管理措施,对该区域荒漠有蹄类动物实施有效保护。We studied overlap among diets of kulan Equus hemionus, goitered gazelle GazeUa subgutturosa sairensis and three domestic livestock, using micro-histological analysis of fresh fecal samples collected in the Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China during autumn and winter 2007, and spring 2008. Kulan, goitred gazelle and domestic livestock mainly ate Stipa spp., Ceratoides lateens, Artemisia spp. and white saxaul Haloxylon persicum, although plant families and species compositions of their diets differed. Pianka Niche Overlap Index C values of kulan, goitered gazelle, and 3 domestic livestock species were all over 0.8, varying from 0. 832 （between goitered gazelle and domestic horse in winter） to 0. 986 （between kulan and domestic sheep in autumn, and between domestic horse and domestic sheep in autumn）. We interpret these high overlap values as indicating serious food competition among wild animals and seasonal pastoral livestock, especially, during winters when deep snow covered ground and forage was scarce. Wild ungulates may be die due to malnutrition during those severe winters. Thus we recommend that managers of Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve should set up guidelines for restricting the number of livestock entering the nature reserve in autumn, or restricting the grazing area of livestock in winter, and protecting wild ungulates in the nature reserve [ Acta Zoologica Sinica 54 （6）： 941-954, 2008].

关 键 词：蒙古野驴 鹅喉羚 食物重叠 营养生态位宽度 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]