中国洞穴蜘蛛多样性及其对洞穴环境的适应  

DIVERSITY OF THE CAVE-DWELLING SPIDERS AND THEIR ADAPTATION TO THE CAVE ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA

作　　者：巴家文[1] 黎道洪[1] 

机构地区：[1]贵州师范大学地理与生物科学学院,贵阳550001

出　　处：《动物分类学报》2009年第1期98-105,共8页Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(30560024);贵州省省长基金项目(黔科教办[2005]14号);贵州省教育厅自然科学基金项目(黔科教2006205)

摘　　要：对中国洞穴蜘蛛的多样性、地理分布信息进行了详细的阐述,初步探讨了洞穴蜘蛛对洞穴环境的适应性特征及其进化机制。我国洞穴蜘蛛目前已知16科27属80种,其中暗蛛科、弱蛛科、泰莱蛛科和巨蟹蛛科物种最多;在属级阶元上,以弱蛛属Leptoneta14种、泰莱蛛属Telema10种、龙角蛛属Draconarius和中遁蛛属Sinopoda各9种,宽隙蛛属Platocoelotes8种居多。我国洞穴蜘蛛主要集中分布在贵州、海南、云南、北京、浙江、广西等喀斯特洞穴较为密集地区,在河北、河南、湖北和湖南也有部分报道。在不同地区分布的洞穴蜘蛛类群或优势类群及区系成分等都存在较大差异。洞穴蜘蛛中约有20%～30%的种类因为长期生活在黑暗无光、食物匮乏以及缺乏温度和光周期的季节调节等特殊环境,出现了一些地表生境蜘蛛类群中所没有的对洞穴环境的适应性特征,如缺乏体色素、眼退化甚至无眼、附肢延长、全身生有很多具较敏锐触觉和嗅觉功能的感觉毛、繁殖无季节性、耗氧量降低而新陈代谢缓慢、代谢率降低、产生的后代少、单个卵粒包含更多的营养等。This paper reviews the diversity and distribution of Chinese cave-dwelling spiders,and discusses the characters adaptive to the life in caves.A total of 80 cave-dwelling spider species were recorded in China,belonging to 16 families 27 genera,with Amaurobiidae,Leptonetidae,Telemidae and Sparassidae being the most dominant families,with Leptoneta（14 species）,Telema（10 species）,Draconarius（9 species）,Sinopoda（9 species）and Platocoelotes（8 species）being the most dominant genera.Chinese cave-dwelling spiders mainly distributed in Guizhou,Hainan,Yunnan,Beijing,Zhejiang,Guangxi Province which are the karst cave-intensive areas,and also reported in Hebei,Henan,Hubei and Hunan province.In different regions,the diversity of Chinese cave-dwelling spiders indicates significantly different.About 20%-30% of reported Chinese cave-dwelling spiders are truly troglobitic which exhibit the following adaptations to cave life：reduction or loss of eyes,reduction or loss of cuticular pigment,elongation of the legs,and reduction of the tracheal system,increased cuticular permeability,reduction in metabolic rate,reduction in circadian rhythm,and a tendency to lay a small number of large eggs,because of long-term living in a perpetually dark cave without light,with little food and invariable temperature.

关 键 词：蜘蛛 洞穴 物种多样性 洞穴适应 中国 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]