应对草地退化的生态移民政策及牧户响应分析——基于黄河源区玛多县的牧户调查  

Eco-immigration policy for the degraded rangeland and response of herd families:A case study of Maduo County,the source region of Yellow River

作　　者：芦清水[1] 赵志平[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《地理研究》2009年第1期143-152,I0005,共11页Geographical Research

基　　金：国家支撑项目"国家生态恢复重建的综合监测评估关键技术研发"(2006BAC08B00);中国科学院西部行动计划项目"三江源区生态-生产功能区的区划及其评估研究"(KZCX2-XB2-06-03)

摘　　要：从牧户角度，通过牧户调查、遥感数据、自然要素和社会经济要素综合分析，研究生态移民政策和牧户的响应情况及原因，对以后的人地和谐共处具有借鉴作用。以黄河源区玛多县牧户调查为例，利用1977～2004年三期草地退化数据、近28年气象数据、1988～2004年放牧压力数据、两年的PRA牧户访谈共144户的资料，通过综合分析，得出以下结果：（1）玛多县草地普遍发生退化现象，两期退化草地占总草地面积比重均在43％以上，并且退化呈加快趋势，冬春草场退化情况最为严重。（2）草地退化是气候干暖化和草地载畜超载共同造成的。（3）移民政策和牧户社会经济情况的对比利益差异，导致移出的牧户以老年牧户、无畜／少畜户为主，分别占移民户总数48．5％和68．3％，牲畜多的、中青年牧户普遍不愿移民。而且，移民户中，一证多户中的部分户移民占所有移民户54．5％。移民牧户结构的上述特征导致通过移民实现草地载畜量明显减少的目标难以实现。It is valuable for the harmony between human society and ecosystem to analyze the responses to eco-immigration and their reasons from the viewpoint of herd family according to herd family interviewed data,RS images,physical geographical and socioeconomic data.In this research,we selected Maduo County in the source region of the Yellow River as a case study.Based on rangeland degradation data for the period 1977-2004,meteorological data in the past 28 years,grazing pressure index data between 1988-2004,interviewed data of 144 herd families in two recent years,we obtain the following results：（1） The rangeland degraded extensively over the 28 years,the percentage of degraded area in all rangeland was over 43% and degradation of pasture was more serious in cold season than in warm one.The degradation ratio showed an increasing trend.（2） The degradation was caused by the integration of a dry-warm trend of climate change and rangeland overgrazing.（3） The immigrant families are mainly composed of the aged,or families without livestock,with 48.5% and 68.3% of the immigrant ones respectively,due to the profit difference between the eco-immigration and socioeconomic situations of herd families.The herd families with middle and young ages and more livestock are unwilling to move out of this region.Furthermore,the percentage of immigrant households that share one rangeland certificate with parents or brothers in the immigrant family is 54.5%.Therefore,it is hard to decrease overgrazing through eco-immigration in terms of the eco-immigrants＇ family structure.

关 键 词：草地退化 放牧压力 生态移民 牧户响应 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学] D632.4[农业科学—畜牧学]