云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤日间行为模式与年龄和集群的关系  

Relations of Daily Activity Patterns to Age and Flock of Wintering Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) at Napa Lake,Shangri-La in Yunnan

作　　者：王凯[1,2] 杨晓君[1] 赵健林 余红忠 闵龙 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院昆明动物研究所,云南昆明650223 [2]中国科学院研究生院,北京100049 [3]云南省香格里拉县林业局保护办,云南香格里拉674400

出　　处：《Zoological Research》2009年第1期74-82,共9页动物学研究（英文）

基　　金：中国科学院西部之光联合学者资助项目;国家科技支撑计划重要湿地物种资源监测技术与示范课题资助项目;国际鹤类基金会资助项目

摘　　要：2006年10月—2007年5月,在云南省西北部纳帕海,采用路线调查结合瞬时扫描行为取样法,对越冬黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)种群的时间分配及其与年龄、集群和时间的关系进行了观察。结果说明,黑颈鹤越冬活动主要是以觅食为主,占日间时间的(76.81±9.1)%。越冬期间黑颈鹤日间行为的节律性较为明显,具有适应高寒气候的特点。集群形式对成鹤的行为有着显著影响,集群和家庭中活动的成鹤在觅食、警戒和争斗中存在显著差异(F1,76=0.27、0.77,U=279,P=0.001—0.000)。年龄是影响鹤群行为的因素之一。幼鹤相比成鹤有较多的觅食时间和休息时间,警戒行为比例较低(F1,76=0.04—2.59,U=188—299,P=0.006—0.000),且不受集群形式的影响。随着越冬期间的早、中、晚3个时期的环境变化,黑颈鹤的时间分配有显著变化(F2,36=4.63—26.54,χ22=5.29—13.68,P=0.0016—0.000)。不同越冬地的黑颈鹤行为存在差异。气候、食物资源和人为影响可能是造成这些差异的主要因素。From October 2006 to May 2007, daily activity patterns and the relationship between time budget and age, wintering stage, flocking behavior of Black-necked Cranes were studied at Napa Lake Nature Reserve, Shangri-La of Yunnan Province. We compartmentalized the winter season into three stages based on the amount of change the Black-necked Crane habited on Napa Lake Nature Reserve. The statistics from test results show significant differences among different stages in foraging, vigilance, preening, resting, locomotion, aggression, and flying （F2.36= 4.63-26.54, X^22= 5.29-13.68, P= 0.0016-0.000）. During the study period, Black-necked cranes devoted most of their daily activity time to foraging, which is about 76.81±9.1%. The percent time spent foraging showed two peaks; one peaking in the middle morning and another higher peak during late afternoon, The postponing of higher foraging peaks is a behavioral adjustment in response to the frigid weather of morning. Adult Black-necked Cranes showed significant differences in foraging, vigilance and aggression between flocks and families （F1.76= 0.27, 0.77, U= 279, P 0.001-0.000 ） , but there were no significant differences in juveniles （U=735-558, P=0.924-0.062） . Adults foraging in flocks showed an advantage for having more foraging time and less vigilance than family-based units. Juveniles spent more time in foraging and resting compared to adults, with less time in vigilance and aggression contrary. There are differences with wintering behavior between various wintering areas. We explain these activity changes as a consequence of a behavioral adaptation to the local environment changes, while climate and food resources are important factors that affect wintering behavior.

关 键 词：云南 纳帕海 黑颈鹤 时间分配 活动节律 年龄 集群 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]