晚清改进、收回领事裁判权的谋划及努力  

Plans and Efforts to Improve and Rescind Consular Jurisdiction during the Late Qing Period

作　　者：李育民[1] 

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学历史文化学院,教授长沙410081

出　　处：《近代史研究》2009年第1期35-53,共19页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：晚清时期,由于领事裁判权有着种种弊害,中外双方均感不便,产生了改进这一条约特权的意向。第二次鸦片战争之后,清政府和英国均谋划补救之法。英国提出"混合法庭"方案,为清政府所接受,但这一计划归于流产。"滇案"对领事裁判权制度产生了重要影响,"观审"制度的建立,在某种程度上是"混合法庭"的变通;赫德提出新的方案,亦为清政府和不少官员所关注。甲午战争和八国联军之役,激起了收回领事裁判权的强烈要求。清政府明确地提出了这一问题,采取了改革司法法律制度的实质性行动,但陷入了不易解套的困境。清政府的谋划和努力收效甚微,与日本比较,它存在着种种失误和弱点,它所背负的沉重的传统包袱,限制了它的思路和作为。其局限和教训,对后世无疑是有益的启示。During the late Qing period,the many drawbacks of consular jurisdiction were an inconvenience to Chinese and foreigners alike,and gave rise to a consensus that this treaty privilege ought to be reformed.After the Second Opium War,both the Qing government and Britain designed remedial measures.The Qing government accepted the 'mixed court' plan proposed by Britain,but the plan miscarried.The 'Yunnan Case' exerted an important influence on the system of consular jurisdiction,and when the 'observing judgment' system was established,it was to a certain extent a variation on the 'mixed court.' The new plan proposed by Sir Robert Hart also aroused concerns among Qing government and many officials.The Sino-Japanese War of 1895 and the War of the Eight-Nation Alliance provoked a strong demand to rescind consular jurisdiction.The Qing government explicitly raised this issue and took concrete measures to reform the judiciary and legal systems,but ran into difficulties.The plans and endeavors of the Qing government had very little effect.Compared with Japan,the Qing government had many faults and weaknesses,and the heavy burden of tradition restricted its thought and action.Undoubtedly,the limitations and lessons of these reforms present a useful example to later generations.

关 键 词：领事裁判权 晚清 中外关系 修约 收回权利 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]