苹果园植被多样化在果树害虫持续治理中的作用  

A STUDY ON THE PLANT DIVERSITY IN APPLE ORCHARDS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE PEST MANAGEMENT

作　　者：于毅[1,2] 严毓骅[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学昆学虫系 [2]山东省农科院植保所

出　　处：《昆虫学报》1998年第S1期84-92,共9页Acta Entomologica Sinica

摘　　要：１９９２～１９９５年对四个不同类型苹果园进行了系统调查，结果表明引入夏至草、泥胡菜等有益杂草并与树行间种植的紫花苜蓿搭配的生草园，捕食性天敌发生量大，种群稳定，发生高峰期较免耕园、清耕园提前７ｄ左右；害虫发生量低，种群数量变化平稳，无突增现象，生草园在未施用任何杀虫、杀螨剂的情况下，树冠上蚜虫、叶螨和潜叶蛾的平均虫口密度均低于免耕园、清耕稀植园和密植园。生草园寄生性天敌的数量亦明显增加，金纹细蛾的寄生率高达６２７％，分别是免耕园、清耕稀植和密植园的１３４倍、１６９倍和１７９倍。果园植被多样化可使地面植被上的天敌数量逐年成倍提高，生草第３年捕食性天敌的数量是生草当年的１２５倍，树冠上天敌量亦明显增加，益害比大大提高，生草第２年树冠上最大蝽螨比为１∶１４４，与原先油菜与紫花苜蓿搭配生草５年的效果相近。除当年生草果园（１９９２年）早期施用１次杀螨剂螨克外，１９９３、１９９４年均未施用任何杀虫、杀螨剂，通过天敌的自然控制作用，有效地控制果树害螨、蚜虫和金纹细蛾等次生性害虫的为害。In 1992～1995, investigation on apple insect pests and their natural enemies in four different apple orchard ecosystems was systematically carried out in Beijing, the results showed that the density of predators on the apple trees in cover cropping system was higher than non tillage or clean cultivated system Increasing plant diversity in apple orchard ecosystems plays an important role in stabilizing the beneficial enemies The number of predators on the apple trees in cover cropping system was higher, and the peak population density of mites or aphids or leaf miners was lower than the non tillage system and clean cultivated system During the last two years′ the predators and parasitoids had controlled the secondary induced pests, such as spider mites, aphids and leaf miners, eliminating any need for pesticide applications The ratio of parasitized Lithocolletis rignoniella Mats in cover cropped system was 62 7%, which was 1 34 times as large as in the non tillaged system and 16 9 times as large as in the light planting clean cultivated system and 17 9 times as large as in the combine planting clean cultivated system A new design of cover cropping system consisted of two beneficial weeds, the Lagopsis supina and Hemistepta lyrata Bunge under the canopy of tree, instead of the chinese rape and cover crop, the alfalfa, in the row of apple trees In comparison with the past cover cropping system, the population density of predators on cover crops in the 3rd year after new cover cropping system was 12 5 times as large as in the first year The density of predators on apple trees was evidently increased The predator/prey ratio was changed from 1∶34 9 in the first year after new cover cropping system to 1∶14 4 in the second year after new cropping system, the result was equal to the ratio in the 5th year after the past cover cropping system

关 键 词：植被多样化 害虫持续治理 苹果园 有益杂草 天敌 

分 类 号：S436.611.2[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]